驃語
驃語(驃語：
; 緬甸語：ပျူ ဘာသာ, 发音：[pjù bàðà])是一種已經滅絕的漢藏語系語言。該語言是驃國諸城邦之間的鄉土語言，在公元前2世紀至公元後9世紀期間蓬勃發展。9世紀末期，緬族自南詔遷移來以後，驃語的使用者人數開始下降。至12世紀末期，驃語仍然被使用，至少驃文在蒲甘王國的碑銘中仍被使用。13世紀的時候，因為使用緬甸語的蒲甘王國在上緬甸崛起，驃語最終滅絕。
| 驃語 | |
|---|---|
 驃文字母 | |
| 区域 | 驃國、蒲甘王國 |
| 語言滅亡 | 13世紀 |
| 語系 | |
| 文字 | 驃文 |
| 語言代碼 | |
| ISO 639-3 | pyx |
| 语言学家列表 | pyx |
| Glottolog | burm1262[1] |
系属分类 编辑
Blagden (1911: 382)是首先识别出骠语属于汉藏语系的学者。[2]:365‒388三宅英雄 (2021)认为骠语因为其音韵和词汇特色在汉藏语系下自成一支。骠语已经几乎将原始汉藏语的形态尽数丢失。[3][4]
骠语被马提索夫临时地归入缅彝语群，大卫·布拉德利则认为它最接近卢伊语支，三宅英雄稍后发现两种假说都似是而非。无我也将骠语暂时划为汉藏语系下独立一支。[5]
音系 编辑
- (C.)CV(C)(H)
- (声母前音)+音节
有7个元音。[3]
| 前 | 中 | 后 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 高 | i | u | |
| 中 | e | ə | o |
| 低 | æ | a |
三宅英雄构拟了43-44个声母，具体数字取决于如何分析声门塞音。创新的声母有：[3]
- 擦音：/h ɣ ç ʝ ð v/
- 流音：/R̥ R L̥ L/
- 内爆音：/ɓ/
骠文碑刻列表 编辑
| 位置 | 序列号 |
|---|---|
| Halin | 01[6] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 04[7] |
| Pagan | 07[8] |
| Pagan | 08[9] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 10[10] |
| Pagan | 11[11] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 12[12] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 22[13] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 25[14] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 28[15] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 29[16] |
| Myittha | 32[17] |
| Myittha | 39[18] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 42[19] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 55[20] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 56[21] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 57[22] |
| Halin | 60[23] |
| Halin | 61[24] |
| ??? | 63[25] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 105[26] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 160[27] |
| ??? | 163[28] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 164[29] |
| Śrī Kṣetra | 167[30] |
词汇 编辑
| 词义 | Luce (1985)[31]:66–69 | Miyake (2016)[32] | Miyake (2021)[3] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | tå | ta(k·)ṁ | /tæk/ |
| 2 | hni° | kni | |
| 3 | ho:, hau: | hoḥ | /n.homH/ < *n.sumH < *məsumH |
| 4 | pḷå | plaṁ | |
| 5 | pi°ŋa | (piṁ/miṁ) ṅa | /pəŋa/ |
| 6 | tru | tru(k·?) | |
| 7 | kni | hni(t·?)ṁ | |
| 8 | hrå | hra(t·)ṁ | |
| 9 | tko | tko | /t.ko/ |
| 10 | sū, sau | su | |
| 20 | tpū | ||
| 骨、遗迹 | ru | ||
| 水 | tdu̱- | /t.du/ | |
| 金 | tha | ||
| 一天 | phru̱ | ||
| 口 | de [ḷe ?] | ||
| 年 | sni: | ||
| 村 | o | ||
| 好 | ha | ||
| 生病 | hni°: | ||
| 接近 | mtu | ||
| 名 | mi | /r.miŋ/ | |
| 我 | ga°: | ||
| 我的 | gi | ||
| 妻 | maya: | ||
| 配偶、妻子 | [u] vo̱: | ||
| 子 | sa: | /saH/ | |
| 孙子 | pli, pli° | ||
| 给 | /pæH/ |
音变 编辑
用途 编辑
骠语曾是骠族城邦的本土语言。梵语和巴利语在这一地区也曾通行过。中国史书记录了800至802年间从骠国来的35名乐师以梵语奏乐演唱。[33]:35–36
| 骠巴利 | 缅巴利 | 泰巴利 | 翻译 |
|---|---|---|---|
 (6世纪骠文) |
ဣတိပိ သော ဘဂဝါ အရဟံ သမ္မာသမ္ဗုဒ္ဓော ဝိဇ္ဇာစရဏသမ္ပန္နော သုဂတော လောကဝိဒူ |
อิติปิโส ภะคะวา อะระหัง สัมมาสัมพุทโธ อะนุตตะโร ปุริสะทัมมะสารถิ สัตถาเทวะมะนุสสานัง | 由于这些原因，即先前获得的美德，佛陀被称为尊者。 |
|
အနုတ္တရော ပုရိသဒမ္မ သာရထိ သတ္ထာ ဒေဝမနုသာနံ ဗုဒ္ဓေါ ဘဂဝါတိ | อะนุตตะโร ปุริสะทัมมะสารถิ สัตถาเทวะมะนุสสานัง พุทโธ ภะคะวาติ | 真实而完美的开悟者，一个被赋予知识和行为的人，一个快乐的人。一个了解宇宙的人，一个卓越的人，一个人类任性的激情的使者，一个众神和人类的主宰，一个受祝福的佛陀。 |
注释 编辑
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Burma Pyu. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Blagden, C. O. 1911. A preliminary study of the fourth text of the Myazedi inscriptions. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 43(2).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Miyake, Marc. 2021. The prehistory of Pyu （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. SEALS 2021 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. (Video （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)
- ^ Miyake, Marc. The Pyu Language of Ancient Burma. Beyond Boundaries 6. De Gruyter. 2021 [2021-07-04]. ISBN 9783110656442. （原始内容存档于2021-06-08）.
- ^ van Driem, George. Trans-Himalayan Database. [7 November 2012]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-12）.
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU001) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579711
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU004) around a funerary urn held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581381
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU007) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda in Pagan [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579873
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU008) held at the Pagan museum, originally found in the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/10.5281/zenodo.580158
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU010) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580597
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a bilingual Pyu inscription (PYU011) held at the Pagan museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580282
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Sanskrit-Pyu bilingual inscription (PYU012) around the base of a Buddha statue held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581383
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU022) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581468
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU025) on the base of a funerary urn held at the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580777
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU028) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580791
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU029) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581217
- ^ Miles, James, & Hill, Nathan W. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU032) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a pagoda in Myittha [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579848
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU039) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a monastery in Myittha [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579725
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU042) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581251
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU055) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806133
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU056) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806148
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU057) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806163
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU060) kept in the inscription shed outside the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579695
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU061) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579710
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU063) held at the National Museum (Burmese: အမျိုးသား ပြတိုက်) in Rangoon [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） doi:10.5281/zenodo.806174
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription on a gold ring (PYU105) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806168
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU160) discovered in Śrī Kṣetra [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823725
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU163) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825673
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU164) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825685
- ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU167) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823753
- ^ Luce, George. 1985. Phases of Pre-Pagan Burma: languages and history (volume 2). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-713595-1.
- ^ Miyake, Marc. 2016. Pyu numerals in comparative perspective （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Presentation given at SEALS 26.
- ^ Aung-Thwin.
参考 编辑
- Aung-Thwin, Michael. The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma illustrated. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8248-2886-8.
- Harvey, G. E. History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 1925.
- Htin Aung, Maung. A History of Burma
. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. 1967.
阅读更多 编辑
- Blagden, C. Otto. A preliminary study of the fourth text of the Myazedi inscriptions. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 1911, 43 (2): 365–388. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00041526.
- Griffiths, Arlo; Hudson, Bob; Miyake, Marc; Wheatley, Julian K. Studies in Pyu Epigraphy, I: State of the Field, Edition and Analysis of the Kan Wet Khaung Mound Inscription, and Inventory of the Corpus. Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 2017, 103: 43–205. doi:10.3406/befeo.2017.6247
. - Shafer, Robert. Further analysis of the Pyu inscriptions. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 1943, 7 (4): 313–366. JSTOR 2717831. doi:10.2307/2717831.
- Miyake, Marc. Studies in Pyu Phonology, ii: Rhymes. Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 2018, 11 (1–2): 37–76. doi:10.1163/2405478X-01101008 .
- Miyake, Marc. A first look at Pyu grammar. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 2019, 42 (2): 150–221. doi:10.1075/ltba.18013.miy.
- Miyake, Marc. The Pyu Language of Ancient Burma. Beyond Boundaries 6. De Gruyter. 2021 [2021-07-04]. ISBN 9783110656442. （原始内容存档于2021-06-08）.
- Griffiths, Arlo, Marc Miyake & Julian K. Wheatley. 2021. Corpus of Pyu inscriptions （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
外部链接 编辑
- The Pre-History of Pyu, Marc Miyake （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Searchable corpus of Pyu inscriptions （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Datasets for Pyu inscriptions （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, photographed by James Miles