User:A22234798/瓦爾密戰役

瓦爾密戰役
法國大革命戰爭的一部分
瓦爾密戰役
日期 1792年9月20日 地点 聖梅內烏爾德到瓦爾密之間 结果 法國決定性勝利 法國隔天正式廢除君主制。
参战方
法國	普魯士王國 哈布斯堡君主國 波旁-孔代
指挥官与领导者
查理斯·杜莫雷茲 法蘭西歐斯·凱勒曼	卡爾·斐迪南 弗雷德里希 威廉 查爾斯·約瑟夫 路易五世·約瑟夫·德·波旁 (孔代親王)
兵力
47,000人	35,000人
伤亡与损失
300人	184人

瓦爾密戰役，也被稱為砲擊瓦爾密，是個戰術上非決定性的砲兵行動，但戰略上確保了法國大革命的成果。此外，儘管戰役規模小，卻仍成為歷史上的決定性戰役之一，同時也是第一支由老兵和義勇兵所組成的雜牌軍，成功地擊敗了具有極高聲譽的奧軍與訓練有素的普軍。

戰役於1792年9月20日爆發於法國北部瓦爾密的附近，為第一次反法同盟的戰役之一（也是法國大革命戰爭的一部份）。查理斯·法蘭西歐斯·杜莫雷茲指揮的法國北部軍團和法蘭西歐斯·克理斯多佛·凱勒曼指揮的法國中部軍團共同阻止了由不倫瑞克公爵指揮的普魯士軍隊向巴黎推進。

儘管傷亡很小（總共未達500人）且戰術上未有決定性的結果，瓦爾密之役仍被認為是法國大革命戰爭中，最壯麗的戰役之一，因為它在面對訓練有素的普魯士軍隊時拯救了法國的新式軍隊，並開啟了法國近四分之一世紀以來軍事力量的更新。

背景

法國於1792年4月20日向奧地利宣戰後，便遭遇了敵軍的進攻，且連連挫敗，導致反法聯軍於8月19日攻入法國。聯合軍的組成包含了普軍、奧軍、黑森軍、以及由不倫瑞克公爵指揮的移民軍團而該軍團也背負著腓特烈·威廉二世的榮譽。總指揮的軍隊在面對入侵法國領土的敵人時，成為一個又一個“嫌疑犯”；在更嚴重的行動開打前，分別由羅尚博、拉法葉及盧克納指揮的三個法國革命軍軍團，已經改配發給由杜莫雷茲和凱勒曼指揮的兩個軍團。

入侵的聯軍輕鬆地於8月23日攻占隆維，並緩慢行軍至比隆維防禦更薄弱的凡爾登。法軍指揮官博裡帕爾上校在絕望中開槍自殺，而該地也於9月2日投降。不倫瑞克公爵之後便開始向巴黎進軍，並同時朝阿貢隘道方向逼近。但是，持續利用小型軍事行動來訓練原始部隊的杜莫雷茲But Dumouriez, who had been training his raw troops at Valenciennes in constant small engagements, with the purpose of invading the Austrian Netherlands, now threw himself into the Argonne by a rapid and daring flank march, almost under the eyes of the Prussian advanced guard, and barred the Paris road, summoning Kellermann to his assistance from Metz. Kellermann moved slowly, and before he arrived the northern part of the line of defence had been forced. Dumouriez, undaunted, changed front so as to face north, with his right wing on the Argonne and his left stretching towards Châlons, and in this position Kellermann joined him at Sainte-Menehould on 19 September.

戰鬥

Brunswick meanwhile had passed the northern defiles and had then swung round to cut off Dumouriez from Châlons. At the moment when the Prussian manoeuvre was nearly completed, Kellermann, commanding in Dumouriez’s momentary absence, advanced his left wing and took up a position between Sainte-Menehould and the mill of Valmy.

The result was the Cannonade of Valmy. Kellermann's 47,000 infantry, nearly all regulars, stood steady. The French artillery justified its reputation as the best in Europe, and eventually, with no more than a half-hearted infantry attack, Brunswick's 35,000 strong broke off the action and retired. The French suffered 300 casualties and their opponents 184.

分析

The French army benefited from its new artillery (using the Gribeauval system), allowing it to pound attacking columns with unprecedented accuracy.

The Allied side had expected the French to lose as their morale should have been broken by such a demonstration of power. Kellerman understood the danger and spent most of the day strengthening his troops' morale by parading on his horse on the front line and preparing his army for a massed bayonet attack of battalions in column, a highly surprising move in front of an advancing and more powerful army.

The pivotal moment was reached when Kellerman raised his famous cry "Vive la Nation", repeated again and again by all the army, hats on bayonets. It had the effect of damaging the morale of the Prussian army and its commanders, and may explain the stoppage of a first and then a second infantry attack.

The German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who was present at the battle, understood the significance of the battle and told some of his Prussian comrades: "From this place, and from this day forth begins a new era in the history of the world, and you can all say that you were present at its birth."

由讓-巴普蒂斯特·馬烏札色斯所繪的瓦爾密戰役，脫胎自霍雷斯·維涅特的作品

後續發展

This engagement was the turning point of the campaign. Ten days later, without firing another shot, the invading army began its retreat. Dumouriez's pursuit was not seriously pressed; he occupied himself chiefly with a series of subtle and curious negotiations which, with the general advance of the French troops, brought about the complete withdrawal of the allied invaders from the soil of France.

The day after this first victory of the French revolutionary troops, on 21 September, in Paris, the French monarchy was abolished and the First French Republic proclaimed. The battle of Valmy was really the first victory of an army inspired by citizenship and nationalism, and marked the death knell of the era of absolute monarchy.

小說中的本場戰役

The OAS agent depicted in Frederick Forsyth's "The Day of the Jackal" uses "Valmy" as his nom de guerre.

外部連結

• 瓦爾密戰役來自艾德華·史菲爾德·克雷西的歷史上15場關鍵性戰役
• '歐洲戰場'中，介紹瓦爾密戰役的插圖文章
• 戰場地圖

延伸閱讀

• 亞瑟·楚奎特, Les Guerres de la Révolution : 2. Valmy, 1887
• Campagne du Duc de Brunswick contre les Français en 1792, publiée en allemand par un officier prussien témoin oculaire et traduite en français sur la quatrième édition à Paris chez A.Cl.FORGET rue du Four-Honoré No 487 An III de la République.

參見

• 歷史上15場關鍵性戰役

• 本条目包含来自公有领域出版物的文本: Chisholm, Hugh (编). Encyclopædia Britannica (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press. 1911. 

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