User:Vikarna/沙盒/2
描述
编辑这段短短的边界线由一条连接尼日尔和喀麦隆的三边边界简单直线构成[2]，整段边界线原本都处于乍得湖里，然而随着过去几十年间湖泊的萎缩，现在的边界横跨的地区大多变成了陆地、沼泽和湖里间歇露出水面的岛屿。
历史
编辑这条边界最早产生于19世纪末期瓜分非洲期间，这一时期，欧洲列强为获取非洲的土地及在非洲的影响力，进行了激烈的竞争[3]。这一进程在1884年柏林西非會議中达到了高潮，相关的欧洲国家就各自的领土主张和未来的交战规则达成了一致。作为这一会议的结果，法国获得了尼日尔河上游河谷（大致等同于如今的马里及尼日尔地区）以及皮埃尔·萨沃尼昂·德·布拉柴在中非为法国探索到的土地的控制权（大约等同于今日的加蓬和刚果（布））[3]。与此同时，英国自1861年起通过皇家尼日尔公司管辖了拉各斯周边的土地 since 1861 and the Oil River Protectorate (Calabar are the surrounding area) since 1884, would have priority in the areas south of the upper Niger region. From their respective bases both nations gradually extended their rule into the interior. The French eventually linked their holdings following expeditions in April 1900 which met at Kousséri in the far north of modern Cameroon.[3] These newly conquered regions were initially ruled as military territories, with the two areas later organised into the federal colonies of French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, abbreviated AOF) and French Equatorial Africa (Afrique équatoriale française, AEF). The British likewise extended their rule inward from their Lagos and Calabar bases, forming two additional colonies - the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. In 1900 rule of these areas was transferred to the British government, with the Northern and Southern (including Lagos and Calabar) protectorates united as the colony of Nigeria in 1914.[3] The modern Chad–Nigeria border arose largely as a secondary result of other border negotiations in the region: Anglo-German agreement s in 1893 and 1906-07 agreed that the border between Britain's Nigerian colonies and German Cameroon would extend into Lake Chad; Anglo-French agreements in 1898, 1904, 1906 and 1910 extended the AOF-Northern Nigeria border into the lake; and a Franco-German border treaty of 1908 extended the AEF-Cameroon border into the lake.[2][3] After the two tripoints were delimited more definitely (Chad-Niger-Nigeria in 1910-12 and Chad-Cameroon-Nigeria in 1931) the border became fixed as a straight line connecting these two points.[3][2]
France gradually granted more political rights and representation for the constituent territories of their two African federations, culminating in the granting of broad internal autonomy to each colony in 1958 within the framework of the French Community.[4] Eventually, Chad gained full independence in August 1960, with Nigeria likewise declaring independence in October 1960, and thus their mutual frontier became an international one between two independent states. At a conference of the Lake Chad Basin states held in N'Djamena in December 1962 it was agreed to respect the existing boundaries within the lake.[2] Since then the lake has decreased dramatically in size, and much if not all of the Chad–Nigeria border now runs over land, creating problems with border management and demarcation.[5][6] In 1983 disputes between Chad and Nigeria over their mutual border escalated into fighting, after Nigeria sent troops to the area citing harassment of Nigerian fishers by Chadian elements, resulting in the deaths of 75 Chadian and nine Nigerian soldiers.[7][8] In more recent years many thousands of refugees have crossed the border due to the ongoing Boko Haram insurgency in north-eastern Nigeria.[9][10]
See also
编辑References
编辑- ^ CIA World Factbook - Chad, 2019-10-05
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Brownlie, Ian. African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia. Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co. 1979: 613–16.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 International Boundary Study No. 90 – Chad Nigeria Boundary (PDF), 1969-10-01 [2019-10-07]
- ^ Haine, Scott. The History of France
1st. Greenwood Press. 2000: 183. ISBN 0-313-30328-2.
- ^ Damilola Oyedele. The dwindling lake. D+C, development and cooperation. 2017-05-11 [2017-06-14].
- ^ Border issues around Lake Chad cause concern. The New Humanitarian. 2002-12-13 [2019-10-11].
- ^ Mario J. Azevedo; Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Chad. Rowman & Littlefield. 2018: 380. ISBN 978-1-5381-1437-7.
- ^ Michael Brecher; Jonathan Wilkenfeld. A Study of Crisis. Rowman & Littlefield. 1997: 466. ISBN 978-1-5381-1437-7.
- ^ Thousands of Nigerian refugees seek safety in Chad. UNHCR. 2019-01-22 [2019-10-11].
- ^ IOM Assessment Team Finds Unaccompanied Child Returnees on Chad-Nigeria Border. IOM. 2012-02-29 [2019-10-11].
Template:Borders of Chad Template:Borders of Nigeria Category:International borders