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编辑云林大屠杀[1]
原发性(本态性)高血压是最常见的高血压类型,估计有90–95%的高血压属于此类。[2]
现代人血压会随着年纪增加而提高,导致后半生得到高血压的风险也跟着增加。[3]
高血压的成因来自基因与环境因素的复杂交互影响,几个常见基因变异已经被确认对血压有小影响。[4]
as well as some rare genetic variants with large effects on blood pressure[5]
but the genetic basis of hypertension is still poorly understood. Several environmental factors influence blood pressure. Lifestyle factors that lower blood pressure include 减少食盐摄取reduced dietary salt intake,[6] increased consumption of fruits 增加水果食用 and low fat products (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH diet)), exercise,[7] weight loss[8] and reduced alcohol intake.[9] Stress appears to play a minor role[10] with specific relaxation techniques not supported by the evidence.[11][12] The possible role of other factors such as caffeine consumption,[13] and vitamin D deficiency[14] are less clear cut. Insulin resistance, which is common in obesity and is a component of syndrome X (or the metabolic syndrome), is also thought to contribute to hypertension.[15] Recent studies have also implicated events in early life (for example low birth weight, maternal smoking and lack of breast feeding) as risk factors for adult essential hypertension,[16] although the mechanisms linking these exposures to adult hypertension remain obscure.[16]
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编辑- ^ 尹章义. 日本人屠殺了多少無辜的台灣人?(三). 历史月刊.
- ^ Carretero OA, Oparil S. Essential hypertension. Part I: definition and etiology. Circulation. 2000, 101 (3): 329–35. PMID 10645931. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.101.3.329. 已忽略未知参数
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) (帮助) - ^ Vasan, RS; Beiser, A, Seshadri, S, Larson, MG, Kannel, WB, D'Agostino, RB, Levy, D. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002-02-27, 287 (8): 1003–10. PMID 11866648. doi:10.1001/jama.287.8.1003.
- ^ Ehret GB; Munroe PB; Rice KM; et al. Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk. Nature. 2011, 478 (7367): 103–9. PMC 3340926 . PMID 21909115. doi:10.1038/nature10405. 已忽略未知参数
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(帮助) - ^ Lifton, RP; Gharavi, AG, Geller, DS. Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension. Cell. 2001-02-23, 104 (4): 545–56. PMID 11239411. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00241-0.
- ^ He, FJ; MacGregor, GA. A comprehensive review on salt and health and current experience of worldwide salt reduction programmes. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2009 Jun, 23 (6): 363–84. PMID 19110538. doi:10.1038/jhh.2008.144.
- ^ Dickinson HO; Mason JM; Nicolson DJ; et al. Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J. Hypertens. 2006, 24 (2): 215–33. PMID 16508562. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000199800.72563.26. 已忽略未知参数
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(帮助) - ^ Haslam DW, James WP. Obesity. Lancet. 2005, 366 (9492): 1197–209. PMID 16198769. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1.
- ^ Whelton PK; He J; Appel LJ; Cutler JA; Havas S; Kotchen TA; et al. Primary prevention of hypertension:Clinical and public health advisory from The National High Blood Pressure Education Program. JAMA. 2002, 288 (15): 1882–8. PMID 12377087. doi:10.1001/jama.288.15.1882. 已忽略未知参数
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(帮助) - ^ Marshall, IJ; Wolfe, CD; McKevitt, C. Lay perspectives on hypertension and drug adherence: systematic review of qualitative research.. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2012 Jul 9, 345: e3953. PMC 3392078 . PMID 22777025.
- ^ Dickinson, HO; Mason, JM; Nicolson, DJ; Campbell, F; Beyer, FR; Cook, JV; Williams, B; Ford, GA. Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.. Journal of hypertension. 2006 Feb, 24 (2): 215–33. PMID 16508562. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000199800.72563.26.
- ^ Ospina MB; Bond K; Karkhaneh M; et al. Meditation practices for health: state of the research. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2007, (155): 1–263. PMID 17764203. 已忽略未知参数
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(帮助) - ^ Mesas, AE; Leon-Muñoz, LM; Rodriguez-Artalejo, F; Lopez-Garcia, E. The effect of coffee on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in hypertensive individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2011 Oct, 94 (4): 1113–26. PMID 21880846. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.016667.
- ^ Vaidya A, Forman JP. Vitamin D and hypertension: current evidence and future directions. Hypertension. 2010, 56 (5): 774–9. PMID 20937970. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.140160. 已忽略未知参数
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) (帮助) - ^ Sorof J, Daniels S. Obesity hypertension in children: a problem of epidemic proportions. Hypertension. 2002, 40 (4): 441–447 [2009-06-03]. PMID 12364344. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000032940.33466.12. 已忽略未知参数
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) (帮助) - ^ 16.0 16.1 Lawlor, DA; Smith, GD. Early life determinants of adult blood pressure. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension. 2005 May, 14 (3): 259–64. PMID 15821420. doi:10.1097/01.mnh.0000165893.13620.2b.