黑眉信天翁学名Thalassarche melanophrys)是一种大型及分布最广和普遍的信天翁

黑眉信天翁
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 鸟纲 Aves
目: 鹱形目 Procellariiformes
科: 信天翁科 Diomedeidae
属: 小信天翁属 Thalassarche
种:
黑眉信天翁 T. melanophrys
二名法
Thalassarche melanophrys
(Temminck, 1828)[2]
异名
  • Diomedea melanophris

分类

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正在飞行的黑眉信天翁。

黑眉信天翁最初是由康拉德·雅各·特明克于1828年基于在好望角发现的标本来描述的,并被分类在信天翁属[3]

于1998年,有建议将坎伯信天翁从黑眉信天翁中独立出来成为另一物种[4]。有些学者赞同这个说法[5][6],也有些并不认同[7][8]

特征

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黑眉信天翁是中等体型,长约80-95厘米,翼展2-2.4米,平均重2.9-4.7公斤[9]。它们的寿命可以超过70岁。翼面及背部呈鲜粉红色,腹部及臀部呈橙色。翼底主要是白色,有不规则的黑边。眼眉黑色,喙黄橙色,尖端呈红橙色。雏鸟的喙呈深角色,头部及颈围灰色,翼底深色。

分布及栖息地

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黑眉信天翁分布在围绕南极海洋,会在12个岛屿繁殖。在大西洋,它们分布在福克兰群岛迭戈拉米雷斯群岛(Diego Ramírez Islands)及南乔治亚岛。在太平洋,它们分布在坎贝尔岛安蒂波德斯群岛斯奈尔斯群岛麦夸里岛。在印度洋,它们分布在克罗泽群岛凯尔盖朗群岛赫德岛麦克唐纳群岛[10]

数量及趋势[5]
地点 数量 年份 趋势
福克兰群岛 399,416对 2007年 每年下降0.7%
南乔治亚岛 74,296对 2006年 下降
智利 122,000对 2007年
安蒂波德斯群岛 不详 1998年
坎贝尔岛 不详 1998年
赫德岛 600对 1998年 上升
麦克唐纳群岛 不详 1998年
克罗泽群岛 不详 1998年
凯尔盖朗群岛 不详 1998年 下降
麦夸里岛 不详 1998年
斯奈尔斯群岛 不详 1998年
总计 600,000对 2005年 下降

于2005年估计它们的数量有1,220,000只,及600,853繁殖对。当中的402,571对是在福克兰群岛;72,102对在南乔治亚岛;120,171对在智利;600对在赫德岛;其馀的则有5,409对[3][11][12]

它们喜欢在大陆架上觅食。福克兰群岛的群落会飞到近巴塔哥尼亚架(Patagonian Shelf)过冬;南乔治亚岛的群落则会到南非海域利用本格拉寒流来觅食;智利的群落会飞到巴塔哥尼亚架、智利架(Chilean Shelf)及远至新西兰过冬。它们的最有可能在北大西洋出现的信天翁。在美国本土就约有20个观察报告[13]

行为

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黑眉信天翁群落非常嘈吵,经常发声来划定自己的地盘。它们会利用尾巴来示爱[9]

觅食

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黑眉信天翁吃鱼类乌贼甲壳类尸体及渔业的丢弃物[14][15][16]。它们也会从其他物种中偷取食物[9]

繁殖

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黑眉信天翁的卵

黑眉信天翁一般会在长满草丛的陡坡或峭壁上筑巢。不过在福克兰群岛上,它们却会在岸边的草坪上筑巢[5]。它们每年只会生产一次,约于9月至11月间,每次只会生一只蛋。双亲都会协助孵化,孵化期约需68-71天。雏鸟出生后的120-130天就会换羽。幼鸟2-3岁大就会回到群落中,目的是示爱,到了10岁就可以繁殖[9]

保育

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森德尔斯岛的黑眉信天翁的群落。

国际自然保护联盟基于黑眉信天翁的数量大幅下降而将之列为濒危。在近南乔治亚岛的鸟岛,它们繁殖对的数量每年就减少4%[12],而在凯尔盖朗群岛的数量于1979年至1995年就减少了17%[17]。在迭戈拉米雷斯群岛的数量于1980年代就不断下降,直到近年才有所回升[18][19]。但在福克兰群岛的数量于1980年代则有所上升[10][20],可能是因大量渔业丢弃物所致[21];不过近年当地的数量却有大幅的下滑[11]。整体而言,它们的数量在64年间大幅下降了67%[5]

在南方海洋加剧使用延绳钓是令黑眉信天翁数量减少的主因[22][23][24][25]。事实上,黑眉信天翁是最易被渔业所杀死[23][24][26][27][28][29][30]。另外,拖网捕渔也令黑眉信天翁的数量减少,特别是在巴塔哥尼亚架[31]南非附近[32]

黑眉信天翁受到《波昂公约》及《信天翁及海燕保育公约》的保护,其数量受到监察,而繁殖地也受到保护。赫德岛麦克唐纳群岛麦夸里岛新西兰等都被列为世界遗产而获得加以保护。

参考

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  1. ^ Thalassarche melanophrys. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [2010-10-29]. 
  2. ^ Brands, Sheila. Systema Naturae 2000/Classification - Diomedea subg. Thalassarche -. Project: The Taxonomicon. 2008-08-14 [2009-02-22]. [失效链接]
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Robertson, G.; Moreno, C. A.; Lawton, K.; Arata, J.; Valencia, J.; Kirkwood, R. An estimate of the population sizes of Black-browed (Thalassarche melanophrys) and Grey-headed (T. chrysostoma) Albatross breeding in the Diego Ramírez Archipelago, Chile. Emu. 2007, (107): 239–244. 
  4. ^ Robertson, C. J. R.; Nunn, G. B. Towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998: 13–9. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 BirdLife International. Black-browed Albatross - BirdLife Species Factsheet. Data Zone. 2008(a) [2009-02-22]. (原始内容存档于2009-01-02). 
  6. ^ Brooke, M. Procellariidae. Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2004. ISBN 0-19-850125-0. 
  7. ^ Clements, James. The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World 6. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 2007. ISBN 978 0 8014 4501 9. 
  8. ^ Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. A classification of the bird species of South America, South American Classification Committee, American Ornithologists' Union. South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. 2008-08-07 [2009-02-22]. (原始内容存档于2009-03-02). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Robertson, C. J. R. Albatrosses (Diomedeidae). Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (编). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator 2. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group: 120. 2003. ISBN 0 7876 5784 0. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Croxall, J. P.; Gales, R. Assessment of the conservation status of albatrosses. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Huin, N.; Reid, T. Census of the Black-browed Albatross population of the Falkland Islands, 2000 and 2005 (PDF). Falklands Conservation. 2007年4月 [2009-02-23]. (原始内容 (pdf)存档于2011-04-10). 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Poncet, S.; Robertson, G.; Phillips, R. A.; Lawton, K.; Phalan, B.; Trathan, P. N.; Croxall, J. P. Status and distribution of wandering Black-browed and Grey-headed Albatrosses breeding at South Georgia. Polar Biology. 2006, (29): 772–81. 
  13. ^ Dunn, Jon L.; Alderfer, Jonathan. Albatrosses. Levitt, Barbara (编). National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America fifth. Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. 2006: 80. ISBN 978 0 7922 5314 3. 
  14. ^ Cherel, Y.; Weimerskirch, H.; Trouve, C. Dietary evidence for spatial foraging segregation in sympatric albatrosses (Diomedea spp.) rearing chicks at Iles Nuageuses, Kerguelen. Marine Biology. 2002, (141): 1117–29. 
  15. ^ Xavier, J. C.; Croxall, J. P.; Trathan, P. N.; Wood, A. G. Feeding strategies and diets of breeding grey-headed and wandering albatrosses at South Georgia. Marine Biology. 2003, (143): 221–32. 
  16. ^ Arata, J.; Robertson, G.; Valencia, J.; Lawton, K. The Evangelistas Islets, Chile: a new breeding site for black-browed albatrosses. Polar Biology. 2003, (26): 687–90. 
  17. ^ Weimerskirch, H.; Jouventin, P. Changes in population sizes and demographic parameters of six albatross species breeding on the French sub-antarctic islands. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty and Sons. 1998: 84–91. 
  18. ^ Schlatter, R. P. The status and conservation of seabirds in Chile. Croxall, J. P.; Evans, P. G. H.; Schreiber, R. W. (编). Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. Cambridge, U.K.: International Council for Bird Preservation (Techn. Publ.). 1984: 261–9. 
  19. ^ Arata, J.; Moreno, C. A. Progress report of Chilean research on albatross ecology and conservation. Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Working Group on Fish Stock Assessment. 2002. 
  20. ^ Gales, R. Albatross populations: status and threats. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998. 
  21. ^ Thompson, K. R.; Riddy, M. D. Utilisation of offal discards from finfish trawlers around the Falkland Islands by the Black-browed Albatross Diomedea melanophris. Ibis. 1995, (137): 198–206. 
  22. ^ Prince, P. A.; Croxall, J. P.; Trathan, P. N.; Wood, A. G. The pelagic distribtuion of South Georgia albatrosses and their relationships with fisheries. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998. 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 Schiavini, A.; Frere, E.; Gandini, P.; Garcia, N.; Crespo, E. Albatross-fisheries interactions in Patagonian shelf waters. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998: 208–13. 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 Stagi, A.; Vaz-Ferreira, R.; Marin, Y.; Joseph, L. The conservation of albatrosses in Uruguayan waters. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. 1998: 220–4. 
  25. ^ Tuck, G.; Polacheck, T. Trends in tuna long-line fisheries in the Southern Oceans and implications for seabird by-catch: 1997 update (CCSBT-ERS/97). Hobart, Australia: Division of Marine Research. 1997. 
  26. ^ Gales, R.; Brothers, N.; Reid, T. Seabird mortality in the Japanese tuna longline fishery around Australia, 1988-1995. Biological Conservation. 1998, (86): 37–56. 
  27. ^ Murray, T. E.; Bartle, J. A.; Kalish, S. R.; Taylor, P. R. Incidental capture of seabirds by Japenese southern bluefin tuna longline vessels in New Zealand waters, 1988-1992. bird conservationalist internationalbird conservationalist international. 1993, (3): 181–210. 
  28. ^ Ryan, P.G.; Boix-Hinzen, C. Tuna long-line fisheries off southern Africa: the need to limit seabird bycatch. South African Journal of Science. 1998, (94): 179–182. 
  29. ^ Ryan, P. G.; Keith, D.G.; Kroese, M. Seabird bycatch by tuna longline fisheries off southern Africa, 1998-2000. South African Journal of Science. 2002, (24): 103. 
  30. ^ Reid, T. A.; Sullivan, B. J. Longliners, black-browed albatross mortality and bait scavenging in Falkland Island waters: what is the relationship?. Polar Biology. 2004, (27): 131–9. 
  31. ^ Sullivan, B.; Reid, T. Seabird interactions/mortality with longliners and trawlers in the Falkland/Malvinas Island waters. Unpublished report. CCAMLR-WG-FSA-02/36. 2002. 
  32. ^ Watkins, B. P.; Petersen, S. L.; Ryan, P. G. Interactions between seabirds and deep-water hake trawl gear: an assessment of impacts in South African waters. Biological Conservation. 2007, (DRAFT). 

外部链接

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