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图丽鱼

保护状况
未予评估（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲： 辐鳍鱼纲 Actinopterygii
目： 鲈形目 Perciformes
亚目： 隆头鱼亚目 Labroidei
科： 慈鲷科 Cichlidae
属： 图丽鱼属 Astronotus
种： 图丽鱼（地图鱼）A. ocellatus
二名法
Astronotus ocellatus
(路易斯·阿加西斯, 1831)

图丽鱼是慈鲷科中的一种。它的俗名包括奥斯卡、虎奥斯卡、天鹅绒慈鲷以及大理石慈鲷。[1]在其原栖息地南美洲，地图鱼是一种常常在当地市场上出售的食用鱼类。[2][3]同时，图丽鱼在中国，美国，和澳大利亚亦有分布。在美国，图丽鱼是一种很受欢迎的水族鱼。[4][5][6]

分类

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这种物种最初由路易·阿加西命名为Lobotes ocellatus，因为他误以为这种鱼是海生的；之后经过研究，又将其划到了图丽鱼属（Astronotus）下。[7]该物种还拥有一些异名，包括：Acara compressus，Acara hyposticta，Astronotus ocellatus zebra，以及Astronotus orbiculatus。[8]

描述

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图丽鱼的背鳍及尾梗上常常会有眼斑

据报导，图丽鱼可以长到大约45 cm（18英寸）长，1.6千克（3.5英磅）重。[1]野外捕获的个体一般会是深色的，并在背鳍及尾梗上有眼斑或者黄色环纹斑点。[5]这些生长在野生的图丽鱼身上的眼斑被认为是旨在阻止食人鲳（英语：Piranha，Serrasalmus 属）咬它的鳍。.[7][9]同时，图丽鱼还可以快速改变其体色。该行为是它们进行领域行为和攻击行为的象征。[10]幼年个体通常与成年个体的体色不同，它们身体上有白色和橙色的波浪形带，头上也有斑点。[7]

分布及栖息地

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两只虎奥斯卡

图丽鱼原产于秘鲁，厄瓜多尔，哥伦比亚，巴西和法属圭亚那 A. ocellatus is native to Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, and French Guiana, and occurs in the Amazon River basin, along the Amazonas, Içá, Negro, Solimões, and Ucayali River systems, and also in the Approuague and Oyapock River drainages.[1][2] In its natural environment, the species typically occurs in slow-moving white-water habitats, and has been observed sheltering under submerged branches.[5] Feral populations also occur in China,[11] northern Australia,[12] and Florida, USA[13] as a byproduct of the ornamental fish trade. The species is limited in its distribution by its intolerance of cooler water temperatures, the lower lethal limit for the species is 12.9°C (55.2°F).[14]

Sexual dimorphism

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Although the species is widely regarded as sexually monomorphic,[5] males have been suggested to grow more quickly, and in some naturally occurring strains, males are noted to possess dark blotches on the base of their dorsal fins.[6][7] The species reaches sexual maturity around one year of age, and continues to reproduce for 9-10 years. Frequency and timing of spawning may be related to the occurrence of rain.[15] A. ocellatus fish are biparental substrate spawners, though detailed information regarding their reproduction in the wild is scarce.

 
Young oscar, about 2 in

The closely related Astronotus crassipinnis has been observed, in times of danger, to store food in its mouth, possibly for protection, in a manner reminiscent of mouthbrooding geophagine cichlids. This behaviour, however, has not yet been observed in A. ocellatus.[6] In captivity, pairs are known to select and clean generally flattened horizontal or vertical surfaces on which to lay their 1,000 to 3,000 eggs. Like most cichlids, A. ocellatus practices brood care, although the duration of brood care in the wild remains unknown.[6]

食物

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Captive oscars may be fed prepared fish food designed for large carnivorous fish, crayfish, worms, and insects (such as flies, crickets and grasshoppers). Feeding live foods may increase the rate of growth but also may cause endoparasites. Poultry and/or mammalian flesh, including beefheart, should not be fed long term as these fatty foods will contribute to fatty liver disease.[16] Since these fish eat fruit in the wild, items such as melons, oranges, and other fruits can also be used as a type of food. Just about anything that falls into the water would be eaten by oscars. Live feeder fish can be given, but fish such as goldfish and rosy red feeder minnows should not be fed. These contain an enzyme (thiaminase) within their flesh which binds vitamin B1, leading to deficiency. Most fish eaten by A. ocellatus in the wild are relatively sedentary catfish, including Bunocephalus, Rineloricaria, and Ochmacanthus species.[9] The species uses a suction mechanism to capture prey,[17] and has been reported to exhibit "laying-on-side" death mimicry in a similar fashion to Parachromis friedrichsthalii and Nimbochromis livingstonii.[18][19] The species also has an absolute requirement for vitamin C, and develops health problems in its absence.[20]

领域行为

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图丽鱼常常会在水族箱中宣称一块领域属于自己，并且，当其它鱼侵犯到自己的在水族馆或湖中的领域时，就会变得极具攻击性。而领域的大小通常取决于水族箱的大小和附近鱼类攻击性的强弱。一旦图丽鱼建立起了自己的领域，其它鱼只要靠近，它们就会尽全力把它们赶出去。[21]

食物选择

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A leucistic long-finned oscar

A number of ornamental varieties of A. ocellatus have been developed for the aquarium industry. These include forms with greater intensity and quantities of red marbling across the body, albino, leucistic, and xanthistic forms. A. ocellatus with marbled patches of red pigmentation are sold as red tiger oscars, while those strains with mainly red colouration of the flanks are frequently sold under the trade name of red oscars.[22] The patterning of red pigment differs between individuals; in the United Kingdom, one A. ocellatus reportedly had markings that resembled the Arabic word for "Allah".[23] In recent years long-finned varieties have also been developed. The species is also occasionally artificially coloured by a process known as painting.[24]

脚注/来源

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. Astronotus ocellatus, Oscar. FishBase. [2007-03-16]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Kullander SO. Cichlids: Astronotus ocellatus. Swedish Museum of Natural History. [2007-03-16]. 
  3. ^ Kohler, CC; et al. Aquaculture Crsp 22nd Annual Technical Report (PDF). Oregon State University, USA. [2007-03-16]. 
  4. ^ Keith, P. O-Y. Le Bail & P. Planquette, (2000) Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de Guyane (tome 2, fascicule I). Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France. p. 286
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Staeck, Wolfgang; Linke, Horst. American Cichlids II: Large Cichlids: A Handbook for Their Identification, Care, and Breeding. Germany: Tetra Press. 1995. ISBN 1-56465-169-X. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Loiselle, Paul V. The Cichlid Aquarium. Germany: Tetra Press. 1995. ISBN 1-56465-146-0. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Robert H. Robins. Oscar. Florida Museum of Natural History. [2007-03-18]. 
  8. ^ Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. Synonyms of Astronotus ocellatus. FishBase. [2007-03-21].  [失效链接]
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Winemiller KO. Caudal eye spots as deterrents against fin predation in the neotropical cichlid Astronotus ocellatus (PDF). Copeia. 1990, 3: 665–673. 
  10. ^ Beeching, SC. Colour pattern and inhibition of aggression in the cichlid fish Astronotus ocellatus. Journal of Fish Biology. 1995, 47: 50. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb01872.x. 
  11. ^ Ma, X.; Bangxi, X.; Yindong, W. and Mingxue, W. Intentionally Introduced and Transferred Fishes in China’s Inland Waters. Asian Fisheries Science. 2003, 16: 279–290. 
  12. ^ Department of primary industry and fisheries. Noxious fish – species information. Queensland Government, Australia. [2007-03-16]. （原始内容存档于2007-08-29）. 
  13. ^ United States Geological Survey. NAS – Species FactSheet Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz 1831). United States Government. [2007-03-17]. 
  14. ^ Shafland, P. L. and J. M. Pestrak. Lower lethal temperatures for fourteen non-native fishes in Florida. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 1982, 7 (2): 139–156. doi:10.1007/BF00001785. 
  15. ^ Pinto Paiva, M and Nepomuceno, FH. On the reproduction in captivity of the oscar, Astronotus ocellatus (Cuvier), according to the mating methods (Pisces – Cichlidae). Amazoniana. 1989, 10: 361–377. 
  16. ^ Kmuda. Oscar Fish Diet. [23 May 2012]. 
  17. ^ Waltzek,TB and Wainwright, PC. Functional morphology of extreme jaw protrusion in Neotropical cichlids. Journal of Morphology. 2003, 257 (1): 96–106. PMID 12740901. doi:10.1002/jmor.10111. 
  18. ^ Tobler, M. Feigning death in the Central American cichlid Parachromis friedrichsthalii. Journal of Fish Biology. 2005, 66 (3): 877–881. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00648.x. 
  19. ^ Gibran,FZ. Armbruster, J. W. , 编. Dying or illness feigning: An unreported feeding tactic of the Comb grouper Mycteroperca acutirostris (Serranidae) from the Southwest Atlantic. Copeia. 2004, 2004 (2): 403–405. JSTOR 1448579. doi:10.1643/CI-03-200R1. 
  20. ^ Fracalossi, DM; Allen, ME; Nicholsdagger, DK and Oftedal, OT. Oscars, Astronotus ocellatus, Have a Dietary Requirement for Vitamin C. The Journal of Nutrition. 1998, 128 (10): 1745–1751. PMID 9772145. 
  21. ^ Oscar Fish Lover. OFL. [19 May 2013]. 
  22. ^ Sandford, Gina; Crow, Richard. The Manual of Tank Busters. USA: Tetra Press. 1991. ISBN 3-89356-041-6. 
  23. ^ BBC News. Tropical fish 'has Allah marking'. BBC, UK. 2006-01-31 [2007-03-18]. 
  24. ^ Mike Giangrasso. Death by Dyeing – dyed fish list. Death by Dyeing.org. [2007-03-18]. 
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