桑人

桑人
桑人
	納米比亞的桑族兒童
總人口
	90,000
分佈地區
	博茨瓦納（55,000）、納米比亞（27,000）、南非（10,000）、安哥拉（<5,000）
語言
	Khoe、Kx'a和Tuu語族的所有語言
宗教信仰
	桑族信仰
相關族群
	科伊科伊人、科薩人、巴斯特人、格里誇人

桑人（San）或薩恩人（Saan）、巴薩爾瓦人（Basarwa），是生活於南非、博茨瓦納、納米比亞與安哥拉的一個以狩獵採集為生原住民族。生活在不同地區的桑人的語言差異極大^[1]^[2]，桑人也常被外人稱作布須曼人（英語：Bushmen，意為「叢林人」），但現今被認為是貶損的稱呼^[3]^[4]。

自1950年代開始，桑人社會開始進行現代化。此外，遺傳學上根據人類Y染色體DNA單倍型類群的研究顯示，此民族可能是世界上現存最古老的民族之一^[5]。2009年的一項非洲人基因多樣性調查顯示，桑人是非洲基因最多樣的五個民族之一^[6]^[7]^[8]。

參見

歷蘇，一位桑人演員，曾演出《上帝也瘋狂》（The Gods Must Be Crazy）。

註釋

^ Barnard, Alan. Anthropology and the Bushman. Oxford: Berg. 2007: 4–7 [2014-05-28]. ISBN 9781847883308. （原始內容存檔於2015-03-20）.
^ Who are the San? – San Map (Click on the image to enlarge). WIMSA. [13 January 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014年1月13日）.
^ Adhikari, Mohamed. Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community. Ohio University Press. 2009: 28. ISBN 9780896804425.
^ Peter Raper. The ethnonyms 'Bushman' and 'San'. University of the Free State: 15. [2024-03-31]. （原始內容存檔於2024-03-31）.
^ Spencer Wells (2003). The Journey of Man. ISBN 069111532X. Pg. 56-58
^ Connor, Steve. World's most ancient race traced in DNA study. The Independent. 1 May 2009 [19 January 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-03）.
^ Gill, Victoria. Africa's genetic secrets unlocked (online edition). BBC World News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 1 May 2009 [2009-09-03]. （原始內容存檔於2009年7月1日）.
^ Sarah A. Tishkoff, Floyd A. Reed, Françoise R. Friedlaender, Christopher Ehret, Alessia Ranciaro, Alain Froment, Jibril B. Hirbo, Agnes A. Awomoyi, Jean-Marie Bodo, Ogobara Doumbo, Muntaser Ibrahim, Abdalla T. Juma, Maritha J. Kotze, Godfrey Lema, Jason H. Moore, Holly Mortensen, Thomas B. Nyambo, Sabah A. Omar, Kweli Powell, Gideon S. Pretorius, Michael W. Smith, Mahamadou A. Thera, Charles Wambebe, James L. Weber, Scott M. Williams. The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans. Science. 2009-05-22, 324 (5930): 1035–1044 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-12）（英語）.

參考文獻

Gordon, Robert J. The Bushman Myth: The Making of a Namibian Underclass. 1999. ISBN 0813335817.
Howell, Nancy. Demography of the Dobe ǃKung. New York: Academic Press. 1979.
Lee, Richard; and Irven DeVore. Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the ǃKung San & Their Neighbors. iUniverse. 1999.
Shostak, Marjorie. Nisa: The Life and Words of a ǃKung Woman. New York: Vintage Books. 1983.
Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall. The Old Way: A Story of the First People. 2006.
Tishkoff, Sarah A.; Floyd A. Reed, Françoise R. Friedlaender, Christopher Ehret, Alessia Ranciaro, Alain Froment, Jibril B. Hirbo, Agnes A. Awomoyi, Jean-Marie Bodo, Ogobara Doumbo, Muntaser Ibrahim, Abdalla T. Juma, Maritha J. Kotze, Godfrey Lema, Jason H. Moore, Holly Mortensen, Thomas B. Nyambo, Sabah A. Omar, Kweli Powell, Gideon S. Pretorius, Michael W. Smith, Mahamadou A. Thera, Charles Wambebe, James L. Weber, and Scott M. Williams. The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans (online abstract). Science (journal) (Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science). May 2009, 324 (5930): 1035–1044 [2010-06-30]. ISSN 0036-8075. OCLC 424238906. PMID 19407144. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. （原始內容存檔於2009-05-06）.

外部連結

Official Botswana Government Website
Survival International （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
National Geographic （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Photo Gallery of Bushmanland, Namibia Over 200 photographs of Ju/'hoansi Bushmen and landscape
Bleek and Lloyd Archive of |xam and !kun texts online^{[永久失效連結]}
Specimens of Bushmen folklore （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - tales collected by Bleek and Lloyd
The San Trickster God meets the Ideology of the West: Exploring the Implications of Interpretation among San and European Relations in Southern Africa
The myth of ritual origins? Ethnography, mythology and interpretation of San rock art by Dr Anne Solomon (South African Archaeological Bulletin, June 1997)
The Kalahari Peoples Fund （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Scientific American - Offerings to a Stone Snake Provide the Earliest Evidence of Religion （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by J. R. Minkel 01/12/06
Les bushmen （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, a documentary film about Bushmen (in French), from YouTube
video （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） of persistence hunting
The Kuru Family of Organizations
Sos bushmen: everything about the Bushmen. In several languages

[Barnard-1] Barnard, Alan. Anthropology and the Bushman. Oxford: Berg. 2007: 4–7 [2014-05-28]. ISBN 9781847883308. （原始內容存檔於2015-03-20）.

[2] Who are the San? – San Map (Click on the image to enlarge). WIMSA. [13 January 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014年1月13日）.

[3] Adhikari, Mohamed. Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community. Ohio University Press. 2009: 28. ISBN 9780896804425.

[4] Peter Raper. The ethnonyms 'Bushman' and 'San'. University of the Free State: 15. [2024-03-31]. （原始內容存檔於2024-03-31）.

[5] Spencer Wells (2003). The Journey of Man. ISBN 069111532X. Pg. 56-58

[6] Connor, Steve. World's most ancient race traced in DNA study. The Independent. 1 May 2009 [19 January 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-03）.

[Gill-7] Gill, Victoria. Africa's genetic secrets unlocked (online edition). BBC World News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 1 May 2009 [2009-09-03]. （原始內容存檔於2009年7月1日）.

[8] Sarah A. Tishkoff, Floyd A. Reed, Françoise R. Friedlaender, Christopher Ehret, Alessia Ranciaro, Alain Froment, Jibril B. Hirbo, Agnes A. Awomoyi, Jean-Marie Bodo, Ogobara Doumbo, Muntaser Ibrahim, Abdalla T. Juma, Maritha J. Kotze, Godfrey Lema, Jason H. Moore, Holly Mortensen, Thomas B. Nyambo, Sabah A. Omar, Kweli Powell, Gideon S. Pretorius, Michael W. Smith, Mahamadou A. Thera, Charles Wambebe, James L. Weber, Scott M. Williams. The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans. Science. 2009-05-22, 324 (5930): 1035–1044 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-12）（英語）.

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