卵鞘

卵鞘由結構蛋白和鞣劑組成，使蛋白質在卵周圍變硬，從而提供保護和穩定性。^[1]由於卵鞘外殼的複雜結構提供了進化繁殖優勢^[4]（儘管適應性和壽命也取決於其他因素，如孵化的溫度）。^[5]卵鞘最明顯存在於蟑螂（蜚蠊目）和螳螂（螳螂目）中。^[6]^[7]

卵鞘保護卵免受微生物、寄生蜂、捕食者和天氣的侵害；卵鞘通過其表面的變化保持穩定的水平衡，它在乾燥氣候下是多孔的，以防止脫水；在潮濕氣候下是光滑的，以防止過飽和。^[8]^[9]其組成和外觀因物種和環境而異。^[8]^[3]^[4]

圖集編輯

雌性美洲家蠊與其卵鞘
雌性德國姬蠊與其卵鞘
已孵化的寬腹斧螳（Hierodula patellifera）卵鞘的矢狀面
在加拿大安大略省貴湖的薄翅螳螂（Mantis religiosa）卵鞘
在印度喀拉拉邦的螳螂卵鞘
蟑螂的卵鞘

參考資料編輯

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Brunet, P. C. J. The Formation of the Ootheca by Periplaneta americana : I. The Micro-anatomy and Histology of the posterior part of the Abdomen. Journal of Cell Science. 1 June 1951, s3–92 (18): 113–127 [2022-09-18]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-29）.
^ Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. 2005-05-16: 230. ISBN 9780521821490 （英語）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Matthews-Cascon, Helena; Rocha-Barreira, Cristina de Almeida; Meirelles, Carlos; Bigatti, Gregorio; Penchaszadeh, Pablo. Description of the ootheca of Turbinella laevigata (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. April 2009, 52 (2): 359–364. doi:10.1590/S1516-89132009000200013  .
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Goldberg, Julia; Bresseel, Joachim; Constant, Jerome; Kneubühler, Bruno; Leubner, Fanny; Michalik, Peter; Bradler, Sven. Extreme convergence in egg-laying strategy across insect orders. Scientific Reports. 16 January 2015, 5 (1): 7825. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E7825G. PMC 4648384  . PMID 25592976. doi:10.1038/srep07825.
^ Tee, Hui-Siang; Lee, Chow-Yang. Influences of Temperature and Ootheca Age on the Life History of the Cockroach Ootheca Parasitoid Aprostocetus hagenowii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 27 December 2016, 110 (1): 213–220. PMID 28028170. S2CID 7134811. doi:10.1093/jee/tow287.
^ Ootheca - Entomologists' glossary - Amateur Entomologists' Society (AES). [2022-09-18]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-11）.
^ Goldberg, Julia; Bresseel, Joachim; Constant, Jerome; Kneubühler, Bruno; Leubner, Fanny; Michalik, Peter; Bradler, Sven. Extreme convergence in egg-laying strategy across insect orders. Scientific Reports. 16 January 2015, 5 (1): 7825. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E7825G. PMC 4648384  . PMID 25592976. doi:10.1038/srep07825.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Insekten : [Autoren dieses Bd.: Kurt Günther ...].. Günther, Kurt., Petzsch, Hans., Deckert, Kurt., Mauersberger, Gottfried., Crome, Wolfgang. [Neuausg.], 1. Aufl. Leipzig [u.a.]: Urania-Verl. 1994. ISBN 3332004980. OCLC 61813597.
^ Keller, Laurent. The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids. Jae C. Choe , Bernard J. Crespi. The Quarterly Review of Biology. March 1998, 73 (1): 110–111. doi:10.1086/420149.

外部連結編輯

Photo of a madagascar hissing cockroach ootheca （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Brunet, P. C. J. The Formation of the Ootheca by Periplaneta americana : I. The Micro-anatomy and Histology of the posterior part of the Abdomen. Journal of Cell Science. 1 June 1951, s3–92 (18): 113–127 [2022-09-18]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-29）.

[2] Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. 2005-05-16: 230. ISBN 9780521821490 （英語）.

[:2-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Matthews-Cascon, Helena; Rocha-Barreira, Cristina de Almeida; Meirelles, Carlos; Bigatti, Gregorio; Penchaszadeh, Pablo. Description of the ootheca of Turbinella laevigata (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. April 2009, 52 (2): 359–364. doi:10.1590/S1516-89132009000200013  .

[:3-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Goldberg, Julia; Bresseel, Joachim; Constant, Jerome; Kneubühler, Bruno; Leubner, Fanny; Michalik, Peter; Bradler, Sven. Extreme convergence in egg-laying strategy across insect orders. Scientific Reports. 16 January 2015, 5 (1): 7825. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E7825G. PMC 4648384  . PMID 25592976. doi:10.1038/srep07825.

[5] Tee, Hui-Siang; Lee, Chow-Yang. Influences of Temperature and Ootheca Age on the Life History of the Cockroach Ootheca Parasitoid Aprostocetus hagenowii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 27 December 2016, 110 (1): 213–220. PMID 28028170. S2CID 7134811. doi:10.1093/jee/tow287.

[6] Ootheca - Entomologists' glossary - Amateur Entomologists' Society (AES). [2022-09-18]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-11）.

[7] Goldberg, Julia; Bresseel, Joachim; Constant, Jerome; Kneubühler, Bruno; Leubner, Fanny; Michalik, Peter; Bradler, Sven. Extreme convergence in egg-laying strategy across insect orders. Scientific Reports. 16 January 2015, 5 (1): 7825. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E7825G. PMC 4648384  . PMID 25592976. doi:10.1038/srep07825.

[:1-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Insekten : [Autoren dieses Bd.: Kurt Günther ...].. Günther, Kurt., Petzsch, Hans., Deckert, Kurt., Mauersberger, Gottfried., Crome, Wolfgang. [Neuausg.], 1. Aufl. Leipzig [u.a.]: Urania-Verl. 1994. ISBN 3332004980. OCLC 61813597.

[9] Keller, Laurent. The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids. Jae C. Choe , Bernard J. Crespi. The Quarterly Review of Biology. March 1998, 73 (1): 110–111. doi:10.1086/420149.

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卵鞘

圖集 編輯

參考資料 編輯

外部連結 編輯

圖集編輯

參考資料編輯

外部連結編輯