蛙屬
蛙科的一属两栖动物
蛙屬（Rana）也稱林蛙屬、赤蛙屬，是蛙科的一個屬，分佈於歐亞大陸、北美洲、中美洲及南美洲北部。很多其他的屬以往都包括在內。[1][2]
蛙屬
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| 紅腿蛙 | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
| 綱： | 兩棲綱 Amphibia |
| 目： | 無尾目 Anura |
| 科： | 蛙科 Ranidae |
| 屬： | 蛙屬 Rana Linnaeus, 1758 |
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| 異名 | |
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一般蛙屬的體形頗大，腰部幼長及皺皮。大部份的背部隆起，但卻沒有蟾蜍的疣。牠們的腳幼長，善於跳躍。後肢上的蹼令牠們在水中可以靈活的運動。牠們背部一般呈綠色及褐色，有深色及黃色的斑點。一些蛙類（如：箭毒蛙）身上有鮮艷的色彩，用做警告敵人：『我有毒。』
蛙屬很多時都在初春繁殖，而生活在亞熱帶及熱帶的物種全年都會繁殖。很多雄蛙都會叫，但有一些卻不會發聲。雌蛙會一排排或球狀式產卵，每次可以產達2萬顆。
分類 編輯
蛙屬目前有約90個物種，但其分類則仍有爭議[2][3][4]。2006年，Frost等人將本屬的部分物種劃為獨立屬別，但後來2016年Yuan等人的研究認為這樣的分類會使其他屬成為併系群，為了維持本屬的單系性，建議使用亞屬代替提升為屬級的做法[5]。
目前已自立的屬有拇棘蛙屬（Babina）、Clinotarsus、腺蛙屬（Glandirana）、Hydrophylax、水蛙屬（Hylarana）、臭蛙屬（Odorrana）、側褶蛙屬（Pelophylax）[6]、琴蛙屬(Nidirana)[7]、Pulchrana、Sanguirana及Sylvirana。當中臭蛙屬是蛙屬的近親，有可能重置於蛙屬中。[1][2]
系統分類學 編輯
本分類樹依照Yuan等人於2016年的論文繪製[8]：
| 蛙屬 Rana |
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物種 編輯
截止2022年1月14日，根據 Amphibian Species of the World 中的記錄本屬包含55種：[9]
- 黑龍江林蛙 Rana amurensis Boulenger, 1886
- 田野林蛙 Rana arvalis Nilsson, 1842
- 中亞林蛙 Rana asiatica Bedriaga, 1898
- 紅腿蛙 Rana aurora Baird et Girard, 1852
- Rana bacboensis Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003[10]，為Odorrana bacboensis (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003)的異名
- Rana banaorum Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003[10]，為Odorrana banaorum (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003)的異名
- 黃腿蛙 Rana boylii Baird, 1854
- 卡斯廸蛙 Rana cascadae Slater, 1939
- 昭覺林蛙 Rana chaochiaoensis Liu, 1946
- 中國林蛙 Rana chensinensis David, 1875
- 峰斑蛙 Rana chevronta Hu et Ye, 1978
- Rana coerulea Houttuyn, 1787
- 韓國林蛙 Rana coreana Okada, 1928
- 徂徠林蛙 Rana culaiensis Li, Lu et Li, 2008
- Rana cultripes Tschudi, 1838
- 大別山林蛙 Rana dabieshanensis Wang, Qian, Zhang, Guo, Pan, Wu, Wang et Zhang, 2017[11]
- 捷蛙 Rana dalmatina Bonaparte, 1840，別名：Rana dalmatina Fitzinger, 1838
- Rana daorum Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003[10]，為Amolops daorum (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003)的異名
- 加州紅腿蛙 Rana draytonii Baird et Girard, 1852
- 東北林蛙 Rana dybowskii Günther, 1876
- Rana fasciata Burchell, 1824
- 希臘林蛙 Rana graeca Boulenger, 1891
- 寒露林蛙 Rana hanluica Shen, Jiang et Yang, 2007[12]
- Rana hmongorum Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003[10]，為Odorrana jingdongensis Fei, Ye & Li, 2001的異名
- 桓仁林蛙 Rana huanrenensis Fei, Ye et Huang, 1990
- 休格利蛙 Rana iberica Boulenger, 1879
- Rana iriodes Bain & Nguyen, 2004[13]，為Amolops iriodes (Bain & Nguyen, 2004)的異名
- 意大利林蛙 Rana italica Dubois, 1987
- 日本林蛙 Rana japonica Boulenger, 1879
- 借母溪林蛙 Rana jiemuxiensis Yan, Jiang, Chen, Fang, Jin, Li, Wang, Murphy, Che et Zhang, 2011
- 九嶺山林蛙 Rana jiulingensis Wan, Lyu et Wang, 2020
- 越南趾溝蛙 Rana johnsi Smith, 1921
- Rana kauffeldi Feinberg, Newman, Watkins-Colwell, Schlesinger, Zarate, Curry, Shaffer & Burger, 2014 [14]
- 琉球林蛙 Rana kobai Matsui, 2011
- 高原林蛙 Rana kukunoris Nikolskii, 1918
- 京都林蛙 Rana kyoto Eto, Matsui et Sugahara, 2022
- Rana lenca Luque-Montes, Austin, Weinfurther, Wilson, Hofmann & Townsend, 2018[15]
- 拉塔斯蛙 Rana latastei Boulenger, 1879
- 長腳赤蛙 Rana longicrus Stejneger, 1898
- 欒川林蛙 Rana luanchuanensis Zhao et Yuan, 2017[16]
- 哥倫比亞斑點蛙 Rana luteiventris Thompson, 1913
- 高加索林蛙 Rana macrocnemis Boulenger, 1885
- 貓兒山林蛙 Rana maoershanensis Lu, Li et Jiang, 2007
- Rana marginata Linnaeus, 1758
- Rana matsuoi Eto & Matsui, 2023[17]
- Rana megatympanum Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003[10]，為Odorrana tiannanensis (Yang & Li, 1980)的異名
- Rana mitrata Houttuyn, 1787
- Rana morafkai Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003[10]，為Odorrana morafkai (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003)的異名
- 黃腿山蛙 Rana muscosa Camp, 1917
- 根羽林蛙 Rana neba Ryuzaki, Hasegawa et Kuramoto, 2014[18]
- 峨眉林蛙 Rana omeimontis Ye et Fei, 1993
- 山赤蛙 Rana ornativentris Werner, 1903
- Rana papillosa Houttuyn, 1787
- Rana parvipalmata López-Seoane, 1885
- 北海道林蛙 Rana pirica Matsui, 1991
- Rana pliocenica Zweifel, 1954
- 斑點赤蛙 Rana pretiosa Baird et Girard, 1853
- 希爾卡尼亞林蛙 Rana pseudodalmatina Eiselt et Schmidtler, 1971
- Rana pusilla (Owen, 1847)
- 比利牛斯林蛙 Rana pyrenaica Serra-Cobo, 1993
- 黔江林蛙 Rana qianjiang
- 流田子蛙 Rana sakuraii Matsui et Matsui, 1990，櫻井蛙
- 桑植蛙 Rana sangzhiensis Shen, 1986，桑植趾溝蛙，為 Pseudorana sangzhiensis (Shen, 1986)的異名
- 梭德氏赤蛙 Rana sauteri Boulenger, 1909
- 脛腺蛙 Rana shuchinae Liu, 1950
- 內華達黃腿林蛙 Rana sierrae Camp, 1917
- Rana tabaca Bain & Nguyen, 2004[13]，為Odorrana tiannanensis (Yang & Li, 1980)的異名
- 田子蛙 Rana tagoi Okada, 1928
- 太行林蛙 Rana taihangensis [19]
- 塔瓦斯林蛙 Rana tavasensis Baran et Atatür, 1986
- 林蛙 Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758
- 對馬赤蛙 Rana tsushimensis Stejneger, 1907
- Rana uenoi Matsui, 2014
- 沖繩林蛙 Rana ulma Matsui, 2011
- Rana verrucosa Houttuyn, 1787
- Rana virescens Kalm[20]
- 綠林蛙 Rana viridis Garsault, 1764
- 武夷林蛙 Rana wuyiensis Wu, Shi, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Hoang, Wu et Wang, 2021
- 鄭氏林蛙 Rana zhengi Zhao, 1999
- 鎮海林蛙 Rana zhenhaiensis Ye, Fei et Matsui, 1995
- 織金林蛙 Rana zhijinensis [21]
參考 編輯
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Cai, Hong-xia; Che, Jing, Pang, Jun-feng; Zhao, Er-mi & Zhang, Ya-ping. Paraphyly of Chinese Amolops (Anura, Ranidae) and phylogenetic position of the rare Chinese frog, Amolops tormotus (PDF). Zootaxa. 2007, 1531: 49–55 [2008-10-14]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-07-19）.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Stuart, Bryan L. The phylogenetic problem of Huia (Amphibia: Ranidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2008, 46 (1): 49–60. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.016.
- ^ Hillis, D.M. & Wilcox, T.P. Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana) (PDF). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2005, 34 (2): 299–314 [2008-10-14]. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2008-05-28）.
- ^ Hillis, D. M. Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life (PDF). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2007, 42: 331–338 [2008-10-14]. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.001. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-09-27）.
- ^ Yuan, Zhi-yong; Zhou, Weiwei; Chen, Xin; Poyarkov, Nikolay; Chen, Hong-man; Jang-Liaw, Nian-Hong; Chou, Wen-Hao; Matzke, Nicholas; Iizuka, Koji. Spatiotemporal Diversification of the True Frogs (Genus Rana): A Historical Framework for a Widely Studied Group of Model Organisms. Systematic Biology. 2016-06-10, 65: syw055 [2018-12-31]. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw055. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-23）.
- ^ Dubois, A. & A. Ohler, A. Frogs of the subgenus Pelophylax (Amphibia, Anura, genus Rana): a catalogue of available and valid scientific names, with comments on the name-bearing types, complete synonymies. proposed common names, and maps showing all type localities. Zoologica Poloniae. 1995, 39 (3-4): 139–204.
- ^ Yuan, Zhiyong; Chen, Jinmin; Wu, Yunhe; Li, Xianqi; Che, Jing. Revision of the list of amphibian species in Yunnan Province. Biodiversity Science. 2022-04-20, 30 (4): 21470. doi:10.17520/biods.2021470.
- ^ Che, Jing; Hillis, David M.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Kuzmin, Sergius L.; Min, Mi-Sook; Iizuka, Koji; Matzke, Nicholas J.; Chou, Wen-Hao. Spatiotemporal Diversification of the True Frogs (Genus Rana): A Historical Framework for a Widely Studied Group of Model Organisms. Systematic Biology. 2016-09-01, 65 (5): 824–842 [2019-04-04]. ISSN 1063-5157. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw055. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-23） （英語）.
- ^ Darrel Frost. 2022. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1 (2022-01-14). Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Ranidae/Rana （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Bain, R.H., A. Lathrop, R.W. Murphy, N. Orlov, and T.C. Ho. 2003. Cryptic species of a cascade frog from southeast Asia: taxonomic revisions and descriptions of six new species. American Museum Novitates. 3417: 1–60.
- ^ Chencheng Wang, Lifu Qian, Chenling Zhang, Weibo Guo, Tao Pan, Jun Wu, Hui Wang and Baowei Zhang. 2017. A New Species of Rana from the Dabie Mountains in eastern China (Anura, Ranidae). ZooKeys. 724: 135-153. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.724.19383
- ^ 沈猷慧,江建平,楊道德.中國林蛙屬(無尾目:蛙科)一新種——寒露林蛙Rana hanluica sp. nov[J].Current Zoology, 2007, 53(3):481-488.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-5507.2007.03.011.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Raoul H. Bain and Nguyen Quang Trong. 2004. Herpetofaunal Diversity of Ha Giang Province in Northeastern Vietnam, with Descriptions of Two New Species. American Museum Novitates. 3453
- ^ Jeremy A. Feinberg, Catherine E. Newman, Gregory J. Watkins-Colwell, Matthew D. Schlesinger, Brian Zarate, Brian R. Curry, H. Bradley Shaffer and Joanna Burger. 2014. Cryptic Diversity in Metropolis: Confirmation of a New Leopard Frog Species (Anura: Ranidae) from New York City and Surrounding Atlantic Coast Regions. PLoS ONE, 2014; 9 (10): e108213 DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108213
- ^ Ileana Luque-Montes, James D. Austin, Kayla D. Weinfurther, Larry David Wilson, Erich P. Hofmann and Josiah H. Townsend. 2018. An Integrative Assessment of the Taxonomic Status of Putative Hybrid Leopard Frogs (Anura: Ranidae) from the Chortís Highlands of Central America, with Description of A New Species. Systematics and Biodiversity. In Press. DOI 10.1080/14772000.2017.1415232
- ^ Zhao, H.P., Yang, J.X., Wang, C.P., Li, P.P., Murphy R.W., Che, J. and Yuan, Z.Y., 2017. A new species of the genus Rana from Henan, central China (Anura, Ranidae). ZooKeys, (694), 95–108.
- ^ Koshiro Eto and Masafumi Matsui. 2023. A New Brown Frog from the Goto Islands, Japan with Taxonomic Revision on the Subspecific Relationships of Rana tagoi (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae). Current Herpetology. 42(2): 191-209. DOI: 10.5358/hsj.42.191
- ^ Masashi Ryuzaki, Yoshinori Hasegawa and Mitsuru Kuramoto. 2014. A New Brown Frog of the Genus Rana from Japan (Anura: Ranidae) revealed by Cytological and Bioacoustic Studies. Alytes. 31(3-4); 49-58.
- ^ SHEN H. J., XU M. Y., YANG X. Y., CHEN Z., XIAO N. W., CHEN X. H. A New Brown Frog of the Genus Rana (Anura, Ranidae) from North China, with a Taxonomic Revision of the R. chensinensis Species Group. Asian Herpetol Res, 2022, 13(3): 145–158. DOI: 10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.210062
- ^ Irving, Hardesty. The number and arrangement of the fibers forming the spinal nerves of the frog (Rana virescens)[J]. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 1899.
- ^ Shasha Yan,Qingqing He,Tao Luo, et al. Description of a new species of the genus Rana (Anura: Ranidae) from western Guizhou, China, integrating morphological and molecular genetic data[J]. Zoological Systematics, 2022, 47(4): 275-292.
外部連結 編輯
- AmphibiaWeb （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Frost, Darrel R. (2006): Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Version 4, 2006-AUG-17.