行為免疫系統
行為免疫系統指人類和動物的一種心理機制，會檢測所在環境中擁有致病寄生蟲的物體或生物的潛在存在，並避免與之接觸。[1][2][3]有理論指出，這種機制是避免致病病原體的基本防線。[2]
此機制包括感官系統對存在寄生蟲感染線索（比如惡臭的氣味、粉刺和皮膚病的樣子）的感知，以及一系列厭惡情緒、感知和行為反應（比如，產生噁心感覺，自動加強對疾病線索的感知，以及避免接觸的行為）。[2][4]
對人類行為的影響
編輯心理學研究中，有研究將行為免疫系統與多種類型的偏見相關聯。有些人即使沒有傳染病，但由於與主觀標準的人類看上去不一樣而被有偏見地對待，比如對待肥胖症患者、老年人、有身體缺陷者記憶擁有身心障礙的人。[5][6][7]
另外，行為免疫系統可能有助於仇外和民族優越感的形成。[8][9]一項影響是，人們在感覺容易獲得傳染病時，這些感覺會增強。
研究顯示，人們在感覺容易獲得傳染病時，會沉默、拘謹，表現得不那麼外向。[10]證據顯示，行為免疫系統也包括在基本視覺範圍內尋找並處理疾病信號的過程。[11]
對人類文化的影響
編輯在文化層次的分析中，行為免疫系統有一定影響。在生態學範疇內，當疾病更加流行時，人類表現得拘謹、內向，人類社會的規範和價值體系也會更加保守。[12][13]
對免疫系統的影響
編輯一些研究顯示，行為免疫系統也對生理免疫系統的運轉有所影響。一項研究發現，只是看看有病模樣的人，白細胞就會對感染反應得更強烈。（由細菌刺激促炎產生細胞因子白介素6測定）[14]
研究顯示，對可以阻止病原體傳播的免疫有關干預可以降低對行為的影響。比如，在注射流感疫苗或者吸收後，疾病線索和憂慮引起的人際和群體間負面態度會降低。[15]
參考資料
編輯- ^ Schaller, M. Parasites, behavioral defenses, and the social psychological mechanisms through which cultures are evoked. Psychological Inquiry. 2006, 17 (2): 96–101. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1702_2.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Schaller, M.; Duncan, L.A. The behavioral immune system: Its evolution and social psychological implications. J.P. Forgas, M.G. Haselton & W. von Hippel (編). Evolution and the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and social cognition. New York: Psychology Press. 2007: 293–307.
- ^ Schaller, M.; Park, J.H. The behavioral immune system (and why it matters). Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2011, 20 (2): 99–103. doi:10.1177/0963721411402596.
- ^ Oaten, M.; Stevenson, R.J. & Case, T.I. Disgust as a disease–avoidance mechanism. Psychological Bulletin. March 2009, 135 (2): 303–21. PMID 19254082. doi:10.1037/a0014823.
- ^ Park, J.H.; Faulkner, J. & Schaller, M. Evolved disease-avoidance processes and contemporary anti-social behavior: Prejudicial attitudes and avoidance of people with physical disabilities. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior (Springer Netherlands). June 2003, 27 (2): 65–87. ISSN 1573-3653. doi:10.1023/A:1023910408854. [永久失效連結]
- ^ Park, J.; Schaller, M. & Crandall, C.S. Pathogen-avoidance mechanisms and the stigmatization of obese people (PDF). Evolution and Human Behavior. 2007, 28 (6): 410–4 [2014-08-14]. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.008. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-09-27）.
- ^ Duncan, L.A.; Schaller, M. Prejudicial Attitudes Toward Older Adults May Be Exaggerated When People Feel Vulnerable to Infectious Disease: Evidence and Implications. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy (The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues). October 27, 2009, 9 (1): 97–115 [2014-08-14]. doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2009.01188.x. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-05）.
- ^ Faulkner, J.; Schaller, M.; Park, J.H.; Duncan, L.A. Evolved Disease–Avoidance Mechanisms and Contemporary Xenophobic Attitudes. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. 2004, 7 (4): 333–53. doi:10.1177/1368430204046142.
- ^ Navarrete, C.D.; D. Fessler; S. Eng. Elevated ethnocentrism in the first trimester of pregnancy (PDF). Evolution and Human Behavior. 2007, 28 (1): 60–5 [2014-08-14]. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.06.002. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-06-23）.
- ^ Mortensen, C.R.; Becker, D.V.; Ackerman, J.M.; Neuberg, S.L. & Kenrick, D.T. Infection breeds reticence: The effects of disease salience on self-perceptions of personality and behavioral tendencies. Psychological Science. 2010, 21 (3): 440–7. PMID 20424082. doi:10.1177/0956797610361706.
- ^ Ackerman, J.M.; Becker, D.V.; Mortensen, C.R.; Sasaki, T.; Neuberg, S.L. & Kenrick, D.T. A pox on the mind: Disjunction of attention and memory in the processing of physical disfigurement (PDF). Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2009, 45 (3): 478–85 [2014-08-14]. PMC 2699287
. PMID 19578547. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.12.008. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2013-08-18）.
- ^ Fincher, C.L.; Thornhill, R.; Murray, D.R.; Schaller, M. Pathogen prevalence predicts human cross-cultural variability in individualism/collectivism (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2008, 275 (1640): 1279–85 [2014-08-14]. PMC 2602680 . PMID 18302996. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0094. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-12-04）.
- ^ Schaller, M.; Murray, D.R. Pathogens, personality, and culture: Disease prevalence predicts worldwide variability in sociosexuality, extraversion, and openness to experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. July 2008, 95 (1): 212–21. PMID 18605861. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.212.
- ^ Schaller, M.; Miller, G.E.; Gervais, W.M.; Yager, S.; Chen, E. Mere visual perception of other people's disease symptoms facilitates a more aggressive immune response (PDF). Psychological Science. 2010, 21 (5): 649–52 [2014-08-14]. PMID 20483842. doi:10.1177/0956797610368064. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-01-25）.
- ^ Huang, J.Y.; Sedlovskaya, A.; Ackerman, J.M.; Bargh, J.A. Immunizing Against Prejudice: Effects of Disease Protection on Attitudes Toward Out-Groups. Psychological Science. 2011, 22 (12): 1550–56. PMID 22058107. doi:10.1177/0956797611417261.
