印度與大規模殺傷性武器
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印度共和國已開發並擁有大規模殺傷性武器，例如核武器。儘管印度沒有就其核武庫的規模做出任何官方聲明，但最近的估計顯示，印度約有110件核武器[3][9]。這印證了關於印度已生產足量可製成核武的鈈之估計。[10]據估計1999年印度有800公斤已分離的反應堆級鈈，並總共有8300公斤可用作任何用途的鈈，足夠用來製造1000件核武器。[11][12]
| 印度 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
.svg) | ||||
| 核武研究計劃始於 | 1967年 | |||
| 首次核彈試驗 | 1974年5月18日 a | |||
| 首次核聚變試驗 | 1998年5月11日 b | |||
| 最近一次測試 | 1998年5月13日 | |||
| 測試的最大當量 | 20-60千噸 c | |||
| 核試總數 | 6次 | |||
| 核彈頭最高貯量 | 110 - 120件 d | |||
| 核彈頭當前貯量 | 110 - 120件 d | |||
| 飛彈最遠射程 | 5,000-5,800 千米 e （烈火-5洲際彈道飛彈） | |||
| NPT簽署國 | 否 | |||
印度參與國際出口管制建制、飛彈科技管制建制和瓦聖納協定，並且是澳洲協定的成員國。它已經簽署並批准了《禁止生物武器公約》和《禁止化學武器公約》。印度也是《海牙行為準則》的簽署國。印度既沒有簽署《全面禁止核試驗條約》，也沒有簽署《核武禁擴條約》，認為兩者都是有缺陷和歧視性的。
不過[13]印度以前曾擁有化學武器，但在2009年主動銷毀了所有庫存—使之成為在禁止化學武器組織給予的最後期限之前完成的七個國家之一。[14]另一方面印度對核武器的態度也偏向保守，堅持「不率先使用」的核政策，並正在發展「核三位一體」能力，作為其「最低可信威懾」原則的一部分。[15][16]
參見
編輯參考資料
編輯- ^ Sachin Parashar, TNN, 28 August 2009, 12.55am IST. Kalam certifies Pokharan II, Santhanam stands his ground – India. The Times of India. 28 August 2009 [31 August 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-05）.
- ^ Carey Sublette. What Are the Real Yields of India's Test?. Carey Sublette. [12 January 2013].
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Federation of American Scientists: Status of World Nuclear Forces. Fas.org. [4 June 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-02）.
- ^ Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance. Arms Control Association. ACA. [1 October 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-02）.
- ^ Global nuclear weapons: downsizing but modernizing. sipri. SIPRI. [1 October 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-07）.
- ^ Saran, Shyam. Is India’s Nuclear Deterrent Credible? (Statement given by Shyam Saran, Chairman of India's National Security Advisory Board). irgamag.com. 25 April 2013. （原始內容存檔於2013年7月1日）.
[…] These include a modest arsenal, nuclear-capable aircraft and missiles, both in fixed underground silos as well as […] mounted on mobile rail and road-based platforms. These land-based missiles include both Agni-II (1,500 km) as well as Agni-III (2,500 km) missiles. The range and accuracy of further versions – for example, Agni V (5,000 km), which was tested successfully only recently – will improve with the acquisition of further technological capability and experience
- ^ New chief of India's military research complex reveals brave new mandate. India Today. 4 July 2013 [4 July 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2013-07-06）.
- ^ Strategic Forces Command fires AGNI-3 successfully. Business Standard. 23 December 2013 [23 December 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-24）. (Second operational test firing by the Strategic Forces Command).
- ^ Pakistan has 10 more nuclear weapons than India, finds study. [2018-02-09]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-30）.
- ^ Weapons around the world. physicsworld.com. [31 August 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-23）.
- ^ India's Nuclear Weapons Program. nuclearweaponarchive.org. [26 June 2012].[失效連結]
- ^ India's and Pakistan's Fissile Material and Nuclear Weapons Inventories, end of 1999. Institute for Science and International Security. [26 June 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2012-04-02）.
- ^ Kumar 2010.
- ^ Zee News - India destroys its chemical weapons stockpile. Zeenews.india.com. [2013-08-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-17）.
- ^ Nair 2007.
- ^ Pandit 2009.
延伸閱讀
編輯- Abraham, Itty (1998). The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb. Science, Secrecy, and the Postcolonial State. London and New York: Zed Books. ISBN 9788125016151.
- Pahuja, Om Parkash (2001). India: A Nuclear Weapon State. New Delhi: Ocean Books. ISBN 978-81-87100-69-0.
- Perkovich, George (1999). India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23210-5.
- Szalontai, Balázs (2011). The Elephant in the Room: The Soviet Union and India’s Nuclear Program, 1967-1989 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Nuclear Proliferation International History Project Working Paper #1. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
外部連結
編輯- Indian nuclear weapons program at The Nuclear Weapon Archive
- At 核文件：
- CIA on India's nuclear program （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- India's missile testing ranges
- Video interviews taken at the 2008 NPT PrepCom on the United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act
- Annotated bibliography for India's nuclear weapons program at the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues.
- Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, including a collection of primary-source documents on Indian nuclear development.
- The National Security Archive's "Nuclear Vault" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） features a number of compilations of declassified US government documents related to India's nuclear program.
