蜜蜂舞蹈

蜜蜂舞蹈（英语：waggle dance，蜜蜂8字形摇摆舞）为用于表达蜜蜂养殖行为中之蜜蜂特定8字形舞蹈（figure-eight dance）的一个术语。通过进行这个舞蹈，成功觅食者可以与群体的其他成员分享有关产生花蜜和花粉的花，水源，或以新的巢址位置的方向和距离的信息。^[1]^[2]出自于奥地利生物学家和诺贝尔奖得主卡尔·冯·弗里希在1940年代的研究翻译其意义，工蜂在采完花蜜回到蜂巢之后，会进行两种特别的移动方式。^[3]研究对象是一种西方蜜蜂、为卡尼鄂拉蜂。当一只工蜂回到巢中，其他工蜂会面向牠，并以牠为中心，就像在观看这只蜜蜂跳舞一样。在发现提出之后经过多年的争议，最后被大多数生物学家接受，并且成为当代生物学教科书中有关动物行为的经典教材。

舞蹈的种类

摇臀舞

蜜蜂跳舞的移动路径会形成一个8字形。外围环状部分称做回归区（return phase）；中间直线部分称做摇臀区（waggle phase），摇臀舞（Waggle dance）因此得名。蜜蜂会一边摇动臀部一边走过这条直线，摇臀的持续时间表示食物的距离，摇臀时间愈长，表示食物距离愈远，以75毫秒代表100米。而这段直线与地心引力的方向之夹角，代表食物方向与太阳方向的夹角。之后更发现，蜜蜂会因太阳位置的相对移动而修正直线的角度。

圆舞

圆舞（Round dance），一开始被分类为另一种舞蹈，是工蜂用来表达蜂巢附近有食物的存在，但无法表达食物的距离与方向。通常使用在发现近距离的食物（距离小于50-60米）。然而后来的研究认为环绕舞并非独立存在，而是摇臀舞的直线部分极短暂的版本。

摇摆舞交流演化

科学家透过观察发现不同品种的蜜蜂拥有不同舞蹈的“语言”，每个品种或亚种舞蹈的弧度及时间都各有不同^[4]^[5]。一项近期研究显示在东方蜜蜂及西方蜜蜂共同居住的地区，二者能够逐渐理解对方舞蹈中的“语言”^[6]。

参见

动物交流
蜜蜂的学习及交流(Bee learning and communication)
颤抖讯息舞(Tremble dance)
社交梳理舞(Grooming dance)

资料来源

^ J. R. Riley, U. Greggers, A. D. Smith, D. R. Reynolds, R. Menzel. The flight paths of honeybees recruited by the waggle dance. Nature. 2005/05, 435 (7039): 205–207 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/nature03526. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）（英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^ Seeley T.D., Visscher P.K., Passino K.M. Group decision making in honey bee swarms. American Scientist. 2006, 94: 220–229. doi:10.1511/2006.3.220.
^ Frisch, Karl von. (1967) The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
^ Gould J, Towne W (1987) The evolution of the dance language. American Naturalist 130: 317–338.
^ Dyer FC, Seeley TD (1991) Dance dialect and foraging range in three Asian honeybee species. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 28: 227–233.
^ Su S, Cai F, Si A, Zhang S, Tautz J, et al. (2008) East Learns from West: Asiatic Honeybees Can Understand Dance Language of European Honeybees. PLoS ONE Volume 3, Number 6: e2365 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002365 [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

参考文献

Neil A. Campell, Jane B. Reece (2002) BIOLOGY 6th Edition 1143-1144
Gould, J. L. (1975) Honey bee recruitment: the dance-language controversy. Science 189, 685−693.
Riley, J.R., Greggers, U., Smith, A.D., Reynolds, D.R. & Menzel, R. (2005). The flight paths of honeybees recruited by the waggle dance. Nature 435,205-207.
Seeley, T.D. (1995) The Wisdom of the Hive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
von Frisch, K. (1967) The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

延伸阅读

Gould JL. Honey bee recruitment: the dance-language controversy. Science. 1975, 189 (4204): 685−693. Bibcode:1975Sci...189..685G. doi:10.1126/science.1154023.
Riley JR, Greggers U, Smith AD, Reynolds DR, Menzel R. The flight paths of honeybees recruited by the waggle dance. Nature. 2005, 435 (7039): 205–207. Bibcode:2005Natur.435..205R. PMID 15889092. doi:10.1038/nature03526.
Seeley TD. The Wisdom of the Hive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1995.
von Frisch K. The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1967.
Rendell, L; Boyd, R., Cownden, D, Enquist, M., Eriksson, K., Feldman, W. M., Fogarty, L., Ghirlanda, S., Lilicrap, T., adn Laland, K. N. Why copy others? Insights from the social learning strategies tournament. Science. 2010, 328: 208–213. doi:10.1126/science.1184719.
Gruter, C; Ratnieks, F. L. Honeybee foragers increase the use of waggle dance information when private information becomes unrewarding. animal behavior. 2011, 81: 949–954 [2013-12-28]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-21）.
Dyer, F. C. The biology of the dance language. Annual reviewi of entomology. 2002, 47: 917–949. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145306.
Beekman, M.; Golag, R. S., Even, N. Wattanchiyingchareon, W., and Olroyd, B. P. Dance precision of Apis florae--clues to the evolution of honeybee dance language. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 2008, 62: 1259–1265. doi:10.1007/s00265-008-0554-z.
Al Toufalia, H. M. Honey bee foraging: persistence to non-rewarding feeding locations and waggle dance communication. Doctoral thesis, University of Sussexx. 2012 [2013-12-28]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-17）.

外部链接

Waggle Dance Infographic （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - VetSci
Communication and Recruitment to Food Sources by Apis mellifera — 美国农业部-ARS (accessed 2005-03)
Honeybee Communication — Kimball's Biology Pages (accessed 2005-09)

[Riley-1] J. R. Riley, U. Greggers, A. D. Smith, D. R. Reynolds, R. Menzel. The flight paths of honeybees recruited by the waggle dance. Nature. 2005/05, 435 (7039): 205–207 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/nature03526. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）（英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

[2] Seeley T.D., Visscher P.K., Passino K.M. Group decision making in honey bee swarms. American Scientist. 2006, 94: 220–229. doi:10.1511/2006.3.220.

[Frisch1967-3] Frisch, Karl von. (1967) The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

[4] Gould J, Towne W (1987) The evolution of the dance language. American Naturalist 130: 317–338.

[5] Dyer FC, Seeley TD (1991) Dance dialect and foraging range in three Asian honeybee species. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 28: 227–233.

[6] Su S, Cai F, Si A, Zhang S, Tautz J, et al. (2008) East Learns from West: Asiatic Honeybees Can Understand Dance Language of European Honeybees. PLoS ONE Volume 3, Number 6: e2365 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002365 [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

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