用户:Kaguya-Taketori/LT
| 34式轻型坦克 Lehký Tank vzor 34 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 类型 | 轻型坦克 |
| 原产地 |  捷克斯洛伐克 |
| 服役记录 | |
| 服役期间 | 1934—44 |
| 使用方 | 捷克斯洛伐克 斯洛伐克共和国 |
| 参与战争／冲突 | 斯洛伐克民族起义 |
| 生产历史 | |
| 研发者 | ČKD |
| 研发日期 | 1932—34 |
| 生产商 | ČKD |
| 单位成本 | about 413,330 捷克斯洛伐克克朗 |
| 生产日期 | 1934—35 |
| 制造数量 | 50辆加一辆原型车 |
| 基本规格 | |
| 重量 | 7.5公吨（7.4长吨；8.3短吨） |
| 长度 | 4.6米（15英尺） |
| 宽度 | 2.1米（6.9英尺） |
| 高度 | 2.22米（7.3英尺） |
| 操作人数 | 3 |
| 装甲 | 8—15毫米（0.31—0.59英寸） |
| 主武器 | 37.2毫米ÚV vz. 34 式加农炮 |
| 副武器 | 2挺7.92毫米ZB vz. 35式机枪 |
| 发动机 | 4缸水冷布拉格 62.5匹马力（46.6千瓦特） |
| 变速 | 4 x 1 |
| 悬挂 | 叶片弹簧 |
| 燃料容量 | 129升（34美制加仑） |
| 作战范围 | 160千米（99英里） |
| 速度 | 30千米每小时（19英里每小时） |
34式轻型坦克(捷克语：Lehký Tank vzor 34），简称“LT vz. 34”，是一款由捷克斯洛伐克设计的轻型坦克。这款坦克主要由斯洛伐克共和国在二战中使用。这款坦克的悬挂装置是以卡登 - 劳埃德小坦克的悬挂装置为基础设计的。捷克斯洛伐克曾在1930年购买了三辆卡登 - 劳埃德小坦克，并取得了生产许可。因为捷克军对Tančík vz. 33小坦克的原型车并不满意，故他们认为重头开始设计一款轻型坦克要比费心思改造小坦克的底盘以让它能够承载一个能360度旋转炮塔来得容易。捷克斯洛伐克一共生产了50辆34式轻型坦克，最后一辆是在1936年交付的。这50辆中，有23辆被纳粹德国在占领波希米亚-摩拉维亚的过程中缴获，纳粹德国在缴获这些坦克后，很快将其报废。而剩下的27辆则到了在同期宣布从捷克斯洛伐克独立的斯洛伐克共和国手中。34式轻型坦克在该国只在斯洛伐克民族起义期间有过作战记录。
描述
编辑34式轻型坦克的框架由数根角钢制的横梁组成，其装甲采用铆接连接。一个3毫米厚的防火墙将发动机室与乘员隔开。另有一扇连通乘员室和发动机室得门。另外，还有一个可以关闭的通风口。驾驶员坐在右侧，使用一个由两个折片保护的300X75毫米观察镜。内侧的折片上装有一个视野范围达25度的反射幻灯机。内侧的折片与外侧附有装甲的折片相连，因此打开一个折片另外一个就会关上。外侧的折片上有一个3毫米的细缝。在驾驶员的右侧，有一个120X3毫米的观察缝，这个观察缝由50毫米的防弹玻璃保护。内侧的折片上装有软垫，因此，驾驶员在他驾驶的时候可以放松他的头部。通信兵坐在左侧，有一个专用的120X50毫米的视窗。这个视窗附有50毫米的防弹玻璃和一个装甲活门。无线电台安装在车体左侧的板上。固定在车体上的机枪装在驾驶员和通信兵之间的一个球形座上，可以在30度的范围内回转，最大俯角、最大仰角分别为10度和25度。这挺机枪大部分的枪管都突出了球形座，由由一个装甲槽提供保护。将球形座顶端的插销拆下后，即可以使用座子上安装的缺口表尺和寻敌望远镜。驾驶员在必要时可以锁死这个座子，使用拉线即可独自使用机枪射击。[1]
34式轻型坦克的炮塔座圈直径为1.265米。炮塔的侧面装甲厚15毫米，而顶部装甲的厚度则为8毫米。炮塔需要手动转动（旋转手柄每转动一圈，炮塔转动3度），but the gearing could be disengaged to allow the commander to shoulder the turret around as desired.[1]在炮塔的中间有一个平面——坦克的37.2毫米主炮就安装在这里。在主炮的右侧装有一挺安装在球形座上的7.92毫米同轴机枪。
The commander had four episcopes in his cupola and a monocular mirror, 1.3 x 35° periscope which he could extend once he removed its armored cover in his hatch for vision while "buttoned-up". This meant that the commander was responsible for loading, aiming and firing the main gun and the turret machine gun while simultaneously commanding the tank.[2]
The vertical front and side armor was 15 mm（0.59英寸） thick, the slanted plates had a thickness of 12 mm（0.47英寸）, the engine hatch was 10 mm（0.39英寸） thick and the top and bottom plates were 8 mm（0.31英寸） in thickness. This was deemed enough to deflect armor-piercing 7.92 mm（0.312英寸） bullets fired from distances greater than 75米（82码）.[3]
The 6.08升（371立方英寸）, water-cooled, 62.5匹马力（46.6千瓦特）, inline 4-cylinder Praga engine used a gasoline-alcohol mix. It had a top speed on the road of 30千米每小时（19英里每小时） and about 15千米每小时（9.3英里每小时） cross-country. One 64.5升（17.0美制加仑） fuel tank was located on each side of the engine. The transmission had four forward gears and one reverse gear to drive the front-mounted drive sprockets.[1]
The suspension was an enlarged and modified version of that used in the Carden-Loyd tankettes. It consisted of two small road wheels fastened together on a frame, two frames paired and sprung by leaf springs that made a wheel carrier, two wheel carriers per side. The track was guided by two return rollers and wooden, metal-lined frames. The rear-mounted idler wheel was used to adjust track tension. It had a ground pressure of only 0.5 kg/cm2. It could cross a ditch 2米（6.6英尺） wide, climb an obstacle .8米（2.6英尺） high and ford a stream .8米（2.6英尺） deep. It could uproot trees .18米（7.1英寸） thick and breach a wall .5米（20英寸） thick.[1]
The main armament was a Škoda ÚV vz. 34 (A3) gun with a pepperpot muzzle brake and a prominent armored recoil cylinder above the barrel. It fired a .815千克（1.80英磅） armor-piercing shell at 690米每秒（2,300英尺每秒）. It was credited with penetrating a plate inclined at 30° from the vertical 37毫米（1.5英寸） thick at 100米（110码）, 31毫米（1.2英寸） thick at 500米（550码）, 26毫米（1.0英寸） thick at 1,000米（1,100码）, and 22毫米（0.87英寸） thick at 1,500米（1,600码）.[4] Another source quotes penetration of a vertical plate 45毫米（1.8英寸） thick at 500米（550码）. The machine gun's ball mount could be coupled to the main gun or used independently. Both weapons could elevate 25° and depress 10°. They both used 1.25x power sights with a 25° field of view. The tank used Zbrojovka Brno ZB vz. 35 heavy machine guns in both ball mounts.[5]
Development
编辑One prototype was ordered from Českomoravská Kolben-Daněk in 1931, but development was slow and it was accepted only in November 1932. Its evaluations were very positive and an order for fifty was placed on 19 April 1933. The first six of these were to serve as pre-production models and were to be delivered by 30 September 1933. The delivery date for the next batch of twenty-four was a year after that and the final batch of twenty was due by 30 July 1935. Production was delayed by quality problems with the initial batch of armor plates from Poldi and delivery of the pre-production series did not occur until 23 April 1934. A bigger problem was that the Army had rejected ČKD's proposed armament of a 4.7厘米（1.9英寸） Vickers 44/60 gun and two ZB vz. 26 machine guns so the contract was signed with no design work on the desired armament configuration. ČKD did not finalize its design until December 1933 and the first six tanks were delivered with only a pair of ZB vz. 26 machine guns. The last tanks were delivered on 14 January 1936, but the six pre-production models had to be returned to the factory to be upgraded with the proper armament and otherwise modified up to the latest standards. The last one was delivered on 17 August 1936.[6]
Operational history
编辑Czechoslovakia
编辑
The Czech Army realized that the 15 mm（0.59英寸） armor on its LT vz. 34 tanks was too thin and a program to replace it was quickly mounted which resulted in the LT vz. 35. In the meantime they offered the Army an opportunity to train with more modern tanks than its few surviving World War I-era Renault FT-17s. Each of the three armored regiments received between nine and twenty-four until replaced by the LT vz. 35 from 1937. After the Munich Agreement in October 1938 the army tried to sell them, but could find no takers. In November 1938 it decided to concentrate all of them in the Third Armored Regiment in Slovakia, but only eighteen had been transferred before the German occupation of Czechoslovakia and the Slovak declaration of independence in March 1939.[3]
Germany
编辑The Germans captured twenty-three LT vz. 34s and the prototype when they occupied Czechoslovakia, but there is no record of their use so they were presumably quickly scrapped. Ten LT vz. 34s were captured after they were abandoned by the insurgents during the Slovak National Uprising in 1944. They were shipped to Skoda for repairs, but the local military representative ordered them scrapped because of their poor condition and obsolescence. The Waffen-SS tried to overturn this order as it planned to transfer them to Nazi puppet state of Croatia. Two were saved from the scrapyard, but by March 1945 the others had their turrets salvaged to be rearmed with two machine guns and mounted in fixed fortifications.[3]
Slovakia
编辑The twenty-seven LT vz. 34s formed one company in the Armored Battalion "Martin" formed by the Slovak Army in mid-1939, which was later expanded into the Armored Regiment, but they were relegated to training duties once the Slovaks began to receive more modern tanks from Germany in 1941.[7] Ten were abandoned by the insurgents when the Slovak National Uprising began in September 1944 and were quickly captured by the Germans. The others were dug in on the approaches to Zvolen.[3]
See also
编辑
Notes
编辑References
编辑- Chamberlain, Peter; Doyle, Hilary L. Encyclopedia of German Tanks of World War Two: A Complete Illustrated Directory of German Battle Tanks, Armoured Cars, Self-propelled Guns, and Semi-tracked Vehicles, 1933–1945. Jentz, Thomas L. Revised. London: Arms and Armour Press. 1978 (1993). ISBN 1-85409-214-6.
- Kliment, Charles K.; Francev, Vladimír. Czechoslovak Armored Fighting Vehicles. Atglen, PA: Schiffer. 1997. ISBN 0-7643-0141-1.
- Kliment, Charles K.; Nakládal, Bretislav. Germany's First Ally: Armed Forces of the Slovak State 1939—1945. Atglen, PA: Schiffer. 1997. ISBN 0-7643-0589-1.