咽门化声

咽门化
咽门化
◌͈
◌͚
(◌ꟸ)
编码
HTML码（十进制）	ꟸ
Unicode码（十六进制）	U+A7F8

咽门化声或空声^[1]、呵欠声，是一种发声音质，其特征是喉的降低拖动咽腔垂直扩张。其被称作“咽门化”，因为咽门伸展，并使口腔后部咽门柱明显变窄。发声时，咽部两侧向外扩张，喉部下降并向前倾斜。“呵欠声”比较形象地描述了这种音质的调音方法。其与糙声相反，后者是咽部收缩、喉部抬升时发出的音质。注意咽门化声不应与气声混淆，后者指声带放松，通过声门的气流加速，产生音调更低的音。咽门化声涉及喉部前倾，使声带拉伸，即使咽腔容积变大，还是产生音调更高的音。^[2]

标准IPA中没有表示咽门化声的变音符号。文献中出现的变音符号有舌唇变音符[a̼]^[3]或国际音标拓展的强发音[a͈]^[2]。VoQS中，表示咽门化声的音质符号是Vꟸ，但一般用于表示一类音的大写字母上。^[4]而星号，即IPA用来表示暂无合适符号的标记，可用于标记咽门化声，即：⟨◌͙⟩。

尼罗河流域语言

普遍认为丁卡语Bor方言有常态浊声和气声对立。Keith Denning则主张还有另两种音质：咽门化声和糙声。^[5]

调音	IPA	词义
常态浊声	tɕìt	腹泻
气声	tɕì̤t	去吧
糙声	tɕì᷽t	蝎子
咽门化声	tɕì͈t	吞

咽门化声和糙声分别表示趋来（venetive，朝向说话者的动作）与趋向（itive，远离说话者的动作）。丁卡语和其他尼罗河流域语言（如努尔语、Shilluk）中，音质还充当名词单复数之分，但这关系不大规则。^[2]下表中，常态浊声（“硬”）与咽门化声（“气”^[1]^:403）对立。^[2]注意咽门化对应趋来动作与名词复数。

丁卡语	词义^[1]^:409
ɣɛ́n cɔ̀ˑl më̀t̪	我叫那男孩
ɣɛ́n cò͈ò͈l më̀t̪	我叫那男孩来（趋来）
ɣɛ́n cɔ́ɔ́l më̀t̪	我叫那男孩走（趋走）

丁卡语	词义	努尔语	词义	Shilluk	词义^[1]^:415
lé͈ˑì͈	牙（单数）	rí͈ŋ	肉（单数）	bàt	胳膊（单数）
lêc	牙（复数）	ríŋ	肉（复数）	bä͈́ä͈̀t	胳膊（复数）

参考

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Tucker, A. N.; Bryan, M. A. Tucker, A. N; Bryan, M. A , 编. Linguistic Analyses: The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa. Linguistic Surveys of Africa 18 1st. London: Routledge. 2018 [1966]. ISBN 978-1-138-08975-4. doi:10.4324/9781315104645 （英语）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Edmondson, Jerold A.; John H., Esling. The valves of the throat and their functioning in tone, vocal register and stress: laryngoscopic case studies. Phonology (Cambridge University Press). August 2006, 23 (2): 157–191. ISSN 0952-6757. S2CID 62531440. doi:10.1017/S095267570600087X （英语）.
^ Edmondson, Jerold A.; Esling, John H.; Harris, Jimmy G.; Martín, Deborah; Weisberger, Edward C.; Blackhurst, Lesa. The role of the glottic and epiglottic planes in the phonetic qualities of voice in the Bor Dinka language (Sudan) and other phonetic features: a laryngoscopic study. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.524.5000  .
^ Ball, Martin J.; Esling, John H.; Dickson, Craig. The VoQS System for the Transcription of Voice Quality. Journal of the International Phonetic Association (Cambridge University Press). December 1995, 25 (2): 71–80. ISSN 1475-3502. doi:10.1017/S0025100300005181.
^ Denning, Keith. The diachronic development of phonological voice quality, with special reference to Dinka and the other Nilotic languages (学位论文). Stanford University. 1989. OCLC 44605367.

[Tucker-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Tucker, A. N.; Bryan, M. A. Tucker, A. N; Bryan, M. A , 编. Linguistic Analyses: The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa. Linguistic Surveys of Africa 18 1st. London: Routledge. 2018 [1966]. ISBN 978-1-138-08975-4. doi:10.4324/9781315104645 （英语）.

[Esling-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Edmondson, Jerold A.; John H., Esling. The valves of the throat and their functioning in tone, vocal register and stress: laryngoscopic case studies. Phonology (Cambridge University Press). August 2006, 23 (2): 157–191. ISSN 0952-6757. S2CID 62531440. doi:10.1017/S095267570600087X （英语）.

[Edmondson-3] Edmondson, Jerold A.; Esling, John H.; Harris, Jimmy G.; Martín, Deborah; Weisberger, Edward C.; Blackhurst, Lesa. The role of the glottic and epiglottic planes in the phonetic qualities of voice in the Bor Dinka language (Sudan) and other phonetic features: a laryngoscopic study. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.524.5000  .

[4] Ball, Martin J.; Esling, John H.; Dickson, Craig. The VoQS System for the Transcription of Voice Quality. Journal of the International Phonetic Association (Cambridge University Press). December 1995, 25 (2): 71–80. ISSN 1475-3502. doi:10.1017/S0025100300005181.

[Denning-5] Denning, Keith. The diachronic development of phonological voice quality, with special reference to Dinka and the other Nilotic languages (学位论文). Stanford University. 1989. OCLC 44605367.

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