如意,别名“握君”,中国传统工艺品,起源于古代中国人的“爪仗”(即俗称的“不求人”、“痒痒挠”)。

如意

如意大致可分为三种,直柄式如意,造型线条简单,是为天官如意。顶端造型形似灵芝的,即为灵芝如意。而以玉器、翡翠、珊瑚、玛瑙、碧玺、象牙等名贵宝石,镶嵌在珍贵的紫檀红木,或者铜鎏金上的,则称为三镶式如意。

一柄经典的如意,由细长的手柄和云纹头部组成。早在中国东周年间,便已有如意的雏形。唐代段成式在《酉阳杂俎》中记载孙权曾发掘出秦始皇使用过的一柄白玉如意。

佛教汉朝时传入中国后,“爪仗”((梵语名为阿那律)作为佛教徒随身装备之一,在中国流行开来,许多佛像都手持如意,是一种吉祥的象征。唐朝以后,如意的使用功能逐渐消失,装饰功能增强,成为工艺品。

参考资料

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  • Beal, Samuel, tr. 1884. Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang. London.
  • Davidson, J. LeRoy. 1950. "The Origin and Early Use of the Ju-i", Artibus Asiae 13.4:239–249.
  • Diener, Michael S., Franz-Karl Erhard, and Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber. 1991. The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen. Michael H. Kohn, tr. Shambhala.
  • Edkins, Joseph (1904), "The Ju-i, or Scepter of Good Fortune", East of Asia Magazine, 238–240.
  • Giles, Herbert A. (1912), Introduction to the History of Chinese Pictorial Art, Bernard Quaritch.
  • Kieschnick, John. 2003. The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture. Princeton University Press.
  • Laufer, Berthold, 1912. Jade, a Study in Chinese Archaeology and Religion. Field Museum of Natural History.
  • Takakusu Junjiro, tr. 1896. A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago. Oxford.
  • de Visser, M. W. 1913. The Dragon in China and Japan. Johannes Müller.
  • Zürcher, Erik. 1997. The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China. Brill.

延伸阅读

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 钦定古今图书集成·经济汇编·考工典·如意部》,出自陈梦雷古今图书集成

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