法兰克福提案
| 没有或很少条目链入本条目。 (2023年2月5日) |
法兰克福提案（英语：Frankfurt proposals）或法兰克福备忘录（英语：Frankfurt memorandum）是拿破仑在莱比锡战役惨败后由奥地利帝国外交部长克莱门斯·冯·梅特涅设计的联盟和平倡议，目标是和平结束第六次反法同盟。出席会议的英国外交官阿伯丁勋爵误判了伦敦立场，接受了这提案。[1][2]
提议法国由拿破仑继续担任皇帝，但法国将只剩法国革命者所称的“自然边界”以内。即比利牛斯山脉、阿尔卑斯山脉、莱茵河以内。保留对比利时、萨伏依、莱茵兰（莱茵河西岸）的统治，但放弃在西班牙、波兰、荷兰、莱茵河以东的意大利、德国的领土。[3]
拿破仑和梅特涅在6月德累斯顿的私人会议讨论过这提案。[4]最终版于11月由圣埃尼翁男爵转达给拿破仑。[5] 梅特涅告诉拿破仑这是盟军可能提供的最好条件；梅特涅这提案的动机是让法国平衡俄罗斯的威胁，同时结束拿破仑战争。[6][7]
还想赢的拿破仑拖太久，伦敦在12月撤回提议。[8]
1813年联军深入法境，拿破仑终寡不敌众，试图重启和谈。[9]新条款严厉了不少，其包括法国退到其1791年的边界，即放弃比利时、莱茵兰领土。[10]拿破仑坚决拒绝，最终于1814年4月6日被迫退位逃到意大利的厄尔巴岛。
参见 编辑
参考 编辑
- ^ Henry A. Kissinger, A World Restored; Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812-1822 (1957) pp 97-103
- ^ Leggiere, Michael V. The Fall of Napoleon: Volume 1, The Allied Invasion of France, 1813-1814. Cambridge UP. 2007: 42–62. ISBN 9780521875424.
- ^ Ross (1969), p 342
- ^ Munro Price, "Napoleon and Metternich in 1813: some new and some neglected evidence," French History (2012) 26#4 pp 482-503.
- ^ Robert Andrews, Napoleon: A Life (2014), pp 656-59, 685
- ^ J. P. Riley. Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting. Routledge. 2013: 206. ISBN 9781136321351.
- ^ Leggiere. The Fall of Napoleon: Volume 1, The Allied Invasion of France, 1813-1814. 2007: 53. ISBN 9780521875424.
- ^ Andrews, Napoleon: A Life (2014), p 686
- ^ Riley. Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting. 2013: 206. ISBN 9781136321351.
- ^ Andrews, Napoleon: A Life (2014), p 695
延伸阅读 编辑
- Roberts, Andrew. Napoleon: A Life (2014)
- Dwyer, Philip. Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power (2013) ch 22
- Dwyer, Philip G. "Self-Interest versus the Common Cause: Austria, Prussia and Russia against Napoleon," Journal of Strategic Studies (2008) 31#4 pp 605–632; explores why the Coalition held together so well in 1813-1814
- Esdaile, Charles. Napoleon's Wars: An International History 1803-1815 (2007) pp 217–18
- Kissinger, Henry A. A World Restored; Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812-1822 (1957) pp 97–103
- Leggiere, Michael V. The Fall of Napoleon: Volume 1, The Allied Invasion of France, 1813-1814. Cambridge UP. 2007: 42–62. ISBN 9780521875424.
- J. P. Riley. Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting. Routledge. 2013: 206. ISBN 9781136321351.
- Ross, Stephen T. European Diplomatic History 1789-1815: France against Europe (1969) pp 342–344
- Ward, A.W. and G. P. Gooch, eds. The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783–1919: Volume I: 1783–1815 (1921) online pp 416–35;