蜾蠃亚科
蜾蠃亚科
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| Ancistrocerus species[1] | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
| 纲： | 昆虫纲 Insecta |
| 目： | 膜翅目 Hymenoptera |
| 总科： | 胡蜂总科 Vespoidea |
| 科： | 胡蜂科 Vespidae |
| 亚科： | 蜾蠃亚科 Eumeninae |
| 多样性 | |
| 本亚科有接近200个属、3000个物种。 | |
形态描述 编辑
本亚科物种普遍均为色黑或棕，常带有鲜明的黄色、白色、橙色、红色、甚或上述各色混合的斑纹。
生物学 编辑
蜾蠃亚科物种在筑巢的方法多样化：有些会利用现有由其他鞘翅目或膜翅目物种曾在木块上建立的废弃管道里栖息；也有些会在人工建筑（如：建筑物或电子部件上的钻孔或钉孔）里栖息；但大多数会在地底或地面上利用沙泥筑成的巢穴。它们的巢穴不像其他蜂类那样有多室，而是一般只有一个窝室，少数会有多于一个。因此，过往有假设认为蜾蠃亚科物种正处于从独居到的有阶级真社会性结构的过渡期[2]。蜾蠃用来筑巢的泥沙会以反吐出来的水黏合，但有不少物种会用咀嚼过后的植物来黏合。
分类 编辑
蜾蠃亚科是胡蜂科五个亚科之中生物多样性最高的一个：有接近200个属、3000个物种，占整个胡蜂科的4500个物种约三分之二。 Zethinae亚科的成员过往亦属于蜾蠃亚科，但近年的研究认为这些物种在存在会令本亚科成为一个并系群，因为将它们抽出来自组一个亚科[2]。
蜾蠃亚科包括以下属：
- Abispa Mitchell, 1838
- Acanthodynerus Gusenleitner, 1969
- Acarodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962
- Acarozumia Bequaert, 1921
- Afrepipona Giordani Soika, 1965
- Afreumenes Bequaert, 1926
- Afrodynerus Giordani Soika, 1934
- Afrogamma Giordani Soika, 1987
- Afroxanthodynerus Giordani Soika, 1979
- Alastor Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1841
- Alastorynerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Alfieria Giordani Soika, 1934
- Allepipona Giordani Soika, 1987
- Allodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Allorhynchium Vecht, 1963
- Alphamenes Bertoni, 1934
- Ancistroceroides Saussure, 1855
- Antamenes Giordani Soika, 1957
- Antepipona de Saussure, 1855
- Anterhynchium de Saussure, 1863
- Antezumia de Saussure, 1875
- Antherhynchium
- Antodynerus Saussure, 1855
- Apodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993
- Araucodynerus Willink, 1968
- Archancistrocerus Giordani Soika, 1986
- Argentozethus Stange, 1979
- Aruodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993
- Asiodynerus Kurzenko, 1977
- Astalor Schulthess, 1925
- Australodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962
- Australozethus Giordani-Soika, 1969
- Belonogaster de Saussure, 1854
- Brachymenes Giordani Soika, 1961
- Brachyodynerus Bluethgen, 1938
- Brachypipona Gusenleitner, 1967
- Calligaster de Saussure, 1852
- Carinstrocerus Giordani Soika, 1989
- Catilostenus Meunier, 1888
- Cephalastor Giordani Soika, 1982
- Cephalochilus Blüthgen, 1939
- Cephalodynerus Parker, 1965
- Chartergus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1836
- Chelodynerus Perkins, 1902
- Chlorodynerus Bluethgen, 1951
- Chlunodynerus
- Clorodynerus
- Coeleumenes Vecht, 1963
- Coelodynerus
- Convextrocerus Giordani Soika, 1989
- Crassodynerus
- Crastinocerus
- Crestocranius
- Ctenochilus Saussure, 1856
- Cuyodynerus Willink, 1968
- Cyphodynerus
- Cyphomenes Giordani Soika, 1978
- Cyrtalastor Giordani Soika, 1989
- Cyrteumenes Giordani Soika, 1991
- Cyrtolabulus Van der Vecht, 1969
- Delta Saussure, 1855
- Deuterodiscoelius Dalla Torre, 1904
- Diemodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962
- Discoelius Latreille, 1809
- Dolichodynerus Bohart, 1939
- 外舌蜾蠃属 Ectopioglossa Perkins, 1912
- Elimus de Saussure, 1852
- Elisella Soika, 1974
- Epiodynerus Giordani Soika, 1957
- Epsilon Saussure, 1855
- Eremodynerus Blüthgen, 1939
- Erodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993
- Eudiscoelius Friese, 1904
- Eumenemorphus Gusenleitner, 1995
- Eumenestiferus Meunier, 1888
- Eumenidiopsis Giordani Soika, 1939
- Eumicrodynerus Gusenleitner, 1972
- Eunortonia Carpenter, 1985
- Euodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Euodynerus Ma, Chen & Li, 2017
- Eustenancistrocerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Flammodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962
- Flavoleptus Giordani Soika, 1992
- Gamma Zavattari, 1912
- Gastrodynerus Bohart, 1984
- Gibberhynchium
- Gioiella Giordani Soika, 1985
- Giordania Gusenleitner, 1995
- Globepipona Gusenleitner, 1998
- Globodynerus Giordani Soika, 1987
- Gribodia Zavattari, 1912
- Gymnomerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Harmorhynchium Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
- Hemipterochilis
- Hemipterochilus Ferton, 1909
- Hirtocoelius Giordani Soika, 1992
- Hoplomerus
- Hypalastoroides Saussure, 1856
- Hypancistrocerus Saussure, 1855
- Incodynerus Willink, 1968
- Intereuodynerus Gusenleitner, 1997
- Interzumia Gusenleitner, 2002
- Irianmenes Giordani Soika, 1993
- Ischnocoelia Perkins, 1908
- Ischnogasteroides Magretti, 1884
- Jucancistrocerus Bluethgen, 1938
- 黄斑蜾蠃属 Katamenes Meade-Waldo, 1910
- Kennetia
- Knemodynerus Blüthgen, 1940
- Labochilus Bluthgen, 1939
- 小柄蜾蠃属 Labus de Saussure, 1867
- Laevimenes Giordani Soika, 1978
- Lamellodynerus Gusenleitner, 1999
- Latimenes Giordani Soika, 1992
- Latrodynerus
- Leionotus Saussure, 1853
- Leptocheilus
- Leptochiloides Bohart, 1940
- Leptochilus de Saussure, 1853
- Leptodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Leptomenes Giordani Soika, 1939
- Leptomenoides Giordani Soika, 1962
- 细盾蜾蠃属 Leptomicrodynerus Giordani Soika, 1985
- Leptopterocheilus Giordani Soika, 1953
- Leucodynerus Bohart, 1982
- Lissepipona Giordani Soika, 1995
- Lissodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993
- Macrocalymma Perkins, 1908
- Malagassodynerus Gusenleitner, 1992
- Malayepipona Giordani Soika, 1993
- Malgachemenes Gusenleitner, 1992
- Maricopodynerus Viereck, 1908
- Mecodynerus
- Micreumenes Ashmead, 1902
- Microdynerus Thomson, 1874
- Minixi Giordani Soika, 1978
- Mitrodynerus
- Monobia de Saussure, 1852
- Monodynerus Gusenleitner, 1982
- Montezumia de Saussure, 1852
- Nannodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Nesodynerus Perkins, 1901
- Nestocoelius Giordani Soika, 1992
- Nirtenia Giordani Soika, 1989
- Nortonia de Saussure, 1869
- Nortozumia Van der Vecht, 1937
- Odontodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Okinawepipona Yamane, 1987
- Omicrabulus Giordani Soika, 1987
- Omicroides Giordani Soika, 1935
- Omicron de Saussure, 1855
- Onychopterocheilus Bluethgen, 1955
- Orancistrocerus Vecht, 1963
- 奥蜾蠃属 Oreumenes Bequaert, 1926
- Oreumenoides Giordani Soika, 1961
- Ovodynerus Giordani Soika, 1985
- Pachodynerus Saussure, 1875
- Pachycoelius Giordani-Soika, 1969
- Pachymenes de Saussure, 1852
- Pachyminixi Giordani Soika, 1978
- Parachilus Goirdani Soika, 1960
- Paragymnomerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Paralastor Saussure, 1856
- Paraleptomenes Giordani Soika, 1970
- Paralionotulus Blüthgen, 1938
- Paramischocyttarus Magretti, 1884
- Parancistrocerus Bequaert, 1925
- Paranortonia Bertoni, 1934
- Pararaphidoglossa Zavattari, 1912
- Pararrhynchium de Saussure, 1855
- Paraslator
- Paravespa Radoszkowski, 1886
- Paravespula Blüthgen, 1938
- Parazumia Saussure, 1855
- 秀蜾蠃属 Pareumenes de Saussure, 1855
- Parifodynerus Soika, 1962
- Parodontodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Parodynerus de Saussure, 1855
- Philippodynerus Gusenleitner, 1996
- Phimenes Giordani Soika, 1992
- Phimenes de Saussure, 1855
- Pirhosigma Giordani Soika, 1978
- Plagiolabra Schulthess, 1903
- Plocancistrocerus
- Polistepipona Giordani Soika, 1989
- Polistes Latreille, 1802
- Polybia Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1836
- Postepipona Soika, 1974
- Proepipona Giordani Soika, 1977
- Protodiscoelius Dalla Torre, 1904
- Pseudabispa Vecht, 1960
- Pseudacaromenes Giordani Soika, 1978
- Pseudagris Saussure, 1863
- Pseudalastor Giordani Soika, 1962
- Pseudepipona Dalla Torre
- Pseudepipona Saussure, 1856
- Pseudochilus Saussure, 1856
- Pseudodontodynerus Blüthgen, 1939
- Pseudodynerus de Saussure, 1855
- Pseudoleptochilus Blüthgen, 1938
- Pseudomicrodymerus
- Pseudomicrodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Pseudonortonia Timon-David, 1944
- Pseudopterocheilus Perkins, 1901
- Pseudosymmorphus Blüthgen, 1938
- Pseudozethus Perkins, 1914
- Pseudozumia Saussure, 1875
- Pseumenes Giordani Soika, 1935
- Psiliglossa S.S.Saunders, 1852
- Pterocheilus Klug, 1805
- Pterochilus
- Pteromenes Giordani Soika, 1960
- Raphiglossa S.S.Saunders, 1850
- Raphiglossoides Giordani Soika, 1936
- Rhaphiglossa
- Rhynchagris Maidl, 1915
- Rhynchalastor Meade-Waldo, 1910
- Rhynchium Spinola, 1806
- Rotundipetiolus Zhang, 1989
- Rugomenes Giordani Soika, 1992
- Rygchium Spinola, 1806
- Santamenes Giordani Soika, 1990
- Smeringodynerus Snelling, 1975
- Sphaeromenes Giordani Soika, 1978
- Spinilabochilus Kurzenko, 1981
- Stellepipona Giordani Soika, 1973
- Stenancistrocerus Saussure, 1863
- Stenodyneriellus Giordani Soika, 1962
- Stenodynerus Saussure, 1864
- Stenonartonia Giordani Soika, 1973
- Stenosigma Giordani Soika, 1978
- Stroudia Gribodo, 1892
- Subancistrocerus de Saussure, 1855
- Symmorphus Wesmael, 1836
- Synagis
- Synagris Latreille, 1802
- Synargris
- Syneuodynerus Blüthgen, 1951
- Tachyancistrocerus Giordani Soika, 1952
- Tachymenes Giordani Soika, 1983
- Trachyodynerus Giordani Soika, 1989
- Tricarinodynerus Giordani Soika, 1952
- Trichodynerus
- Tropidodynerus Blüthgen, 1939
- Tuleara Gusenleitner, 2000
- Xanthodynerus Blüthgen, 1954
- Xenorhynchium Vecht, 1963
- Zeta de Saussure, 1855
- Zeteumenes Bertoni, 1921
- Zeteumenidion
- Zethus Fabricius, 1804
图库 编辑
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Potter's wasp nests, Springdale, AR -
Pseudodynerus quadrisectus nest built in a hole bored by a carpenter bee -
Phimenes flavopictus nectaring -
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Phimenes flavopictus building nest
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参考文献 编辑
- ^ Cirrus Digital: Potter Wasp and Mud Pot Nest （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Piekarski, PK; Carpenter, JM; Lemmon, AR; Moriarty-Lemmon, E; Sharanowski, BJ. Phylogenomic Evidence Overturns Current Conceptions of Social Evolution in Wasps (Vespidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2018-06, 35 (9): 2097–2109. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy124 （英语）.
- James M. Carpenter. A synonymic generic checklist of the Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (PDF). Psyche (entomological journal). 1986, 93: 61–90 [2019-05-16]. doi:10.1155/1986/12489. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-07-18）.
- Carpenter, J. M. & B. R. Garcete-Barrett. 2003. A key to the neotropical genera of Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 14: 52–73.
- Giordani Soika, 1989. Terzo contributo alla conoscenza degli eumenidi afrotropicali (Hymenoptera). Societa Veneziana di Scienze Naturali Lavori 14(1) 1989: 19–68.
- Giordani Soika, A. 1992. Di alcuni eumenidi nuovi o poco noti (Hymenoptera Vespoidea). Societá Veneziana di Scienze Naturali Lavori 17 1992: 41–68.
- Giordani Soika, A. 1993. Di alcuni nuovi eumenidi della regione orientale (Hym. Vespoidea). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia 42, 30 giugno 1991(1993): 151–163.
- Gusenleitner. 1992. Zwei neue Eumeniden-Gattungen und -Arten aus Madagaskar (Vespoidea, Hymenoptera). Linzer Biologische Beiträge 24(1) 1992: 91–96.
- CSIRO Entomology Division. 1991. The Insects of Australia: a textbook for Students and Research. 2nd Edition. Melbourne University Press and Cornell University Press. 1137 pp.
外部链接 编辑
| 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：蜾蠃亚科 |
维基物种上的相关信息：蜾蠃亚科- Eumenes spp., potter wasps of Florida （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
- Vespidae: Potter wasps; Vespid wasps; Social wasps; Hornets; Paper wasps; Yellowjackets （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Subfamily Eumeninae - Potter and Mason Wasps （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
