- ^ A Companion to the Roman Empire "When Alexander launched a massive invasion of his territory in the early 230s, Ardashir drove it back, inflicting heavy casualties. In 235 he captured the cities of Nisibis and Carrhae"
- ^ The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337 "the Romans were on the defensive and Ardashir again invaded Roman territory capturing Nisibis and Carrhae (or Harran) in 237 and 238."
- ^ A Companion to the Roman Empire （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） "Ardashir began to raid the Roman territory almost immediately after he had taken power at Ctesiphon, making Roman armies look plodding and inept. When Alexander launched a massive invasion of his territory in the early 230s, Ardashir drove it back, inflicting heavy casualties.
