美國公務員委員會
美國公務員制度委員會是美國聯邦政府設立的一個政府機構，起初的目的是為了考核聯邦政府內部所雇用員工的績效而設立的，1978年的公務員制度改革法案使它於1979年被解散，由美國人事管理辦公室和考績制度保護委員會取代。
歷史沿革
編輯1871年，美國總統尤利西斯·辛普森·格蘭特和美國國會通過了公務員制度改革法案，第一次成立美國公務員委員會。格蘭特總統和美國國會持續兩年撥款給委員會，直到1874年。然而嚴重依賴獵官制的美國國會(參議院更甚)沒有繼續撥款給公務員委員會。[1]格蘭特總統的繼任者——拉瑟福德·伯查德·海斯請求更新的資金，但沒有被授予。
海斯的繼任者詹姆斯·艾布拉姆·加菲爾德總統提倡改革公務員制度，但是遭獵官不成的查爾斯·J·古提奧暗殺。
加菲爾德總統的繼任者切斯特·艾倫·阿瑟總統推動了公務員制度的改革，並且遊說國會在1883年通過彭德爾頓法案。彭德爾頓法案的通過部分是由於公眾對加菲爾德總統遭暗殺的反感。德爾頓法案重新為公務員委員會提供資金，並設立了一個三人委員會負責委員會運作，由亞瑟總統任命委員。彭德爾頓法案要求某些申請人參加公務員考試，才能獲得某些工作；它也阻止了當選官員和政治任命者開除公務員，使公務員免受獵官和黨派行為的影響。阿瑟總統和隨後的總統繼續擴大公務員委員會的權力，管理更多聯邦部門的職務。公務員委員會除了減少獵官外，還減輕了美國總統任命聯邦職務的繁重責任。
歷屆委員會主席
編輯
1871年，第一位美國公務員委員會主席由美國總統尤利西斯·辛普森·格蘭特任命。
| 名稱 | 起始 | 結束 |
|---|---|---|
| George W. Curtis[2] | January 1, 1872 | January 1, 1874 |
| Dorman B. Eaton | Mar 9, 1883 [3] | Nov 1, 1885 (resigned) [4] |
| Alfred P. Edgerton | Nov 9, 1885 [5] | Feb 9, 1889 (removed) [5] |
| Charles Lyman | May 13, 1889 [7] | Dec 15, 1893 (resigned) [8] |
| John R. Procter | Dec 15, 1893 [8] | Dec 12, 1903 (died) [9] |
| John C. Black | Jan 17, 1904 [10] | Jun 10, 1913 (resigned) [11] |
| John A. McIlhenny | Jun 12, 1913 [12] | Feb 28, 1919 (resigned) [13] |
| Martin A. Morrison | Mar 13, 1919 [13] | Jul 14, 1921 (resigned) [14] |
| John H. Bartlett | Jul 15, 1921 [14] | Mar 12, 1922 (resigned) [14] |
| William C. Deming | Mar 1, 1923 [15] | Feb 6, 1930 (resigned) [16] |
| Thomas E. Campbell | Jul 11, 1930 [17] | c. 1933 (resigned) |
| Harry B. Mitchell | May 19, 1933 [18] | Feb 26, 1951 (resigned) [19] |
| Robert Ramspeck | Mar 16, 1951 [20] | Dec 31, 1952 (resigned) [21] |
| Philip Young | Mar 23, 1953 [22] | Feb 11, 1957 (resigned) [23] |
| Harris Ellsworth | Apr 18, 1957 [24] | Feb 28, 1959 (resigned) [24] |
| Roger W. Jones | Mar 10, 1959 [25] | Jan 4, 1961 (resigned) [26] |
| John W. Macy | Mar 6, 1961 [27] | Jan 18, 1969 (resigned) [28] |
| Robert E. Hampton | Jan 18, 1969 [28] | c. 1977 [29] |
| Alan K. Campbell | January 2, 1979 | January 20, 1981 |
關連項目
編輯參考來源
編輯- ^ Brands (2012), pp. 543-544
- ^ Smith (2001), p. 589
- ^ Foulke, W. D. Fighting the spoilsmen: reminiscences of the civil service reform movement （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1919), p.8
- ^ Cleveland, Grover. Accepting Letter of Resignation of Dorman B. Eaton （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） in The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland, ed. George F. Parker (New York: Cassell Publishing Company, 1892), p.46
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Fourth Report of the United States Civil Service Commission （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (Washington: Government Printing Office. 1888) pp. 120-121
- ^ R.P. van Riper, 1958. History of the United States Civil Service, Row, Peterson & Co., 1958
- ^ Trying The Charleston, "New York Times", May 14, 1889
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Procter Succeeds Lyman （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, "The Daily Argus News" (Crawfordsville, Indiana), Dec 15 1893
- ^ ''Twentieth Annual Report of the United States Civil Service Commission （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904) p. 7.
- ^ Gen. Black Takes The Oath, "New York Times", Jan 17, 1904
- ^ Thirty-First Annual Report of the United States Civil Service Commission （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1915) p. 116.
- ^ McIlhenny Heads Civil Service, "New York Times", Jun 13, 1913
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Thirty-Sixth Annual Report of the United States Civil Service Commission （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1919) p. xxvii
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Thirty-Ninth Annual Report of the United States Civil Service Commission （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1922) p. 121
- ^ The U.S. Civil Service Commission （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, "Congressional Digest", Vol II. No. 7 (April 1923), p. 198
- ^ Hoover, Herbert. Letter Accepting the Resignation of William C. Deming as President of the Civil Service Commission （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） in "Public Papers Of The Presidents Of The United States" (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1976)
- ^ Civil Service Head Takes Oath, "The Hartford Courant" (Hartford, Connecticut), Jul 11, 1930
- ^ Politics And Politicians （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, "Gazette And Bulletin" (Williamsport, Pennsylvania), May 20, 1933
- ^ Ramspeck Is Named Civil Service Head （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, "The Day" (New London, Connecticut), Feb 27, 1951
- ^ Ramspeck Takes Oath For Commission Post （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, "The Spokesman-Review" (Spokane, Washington), Mar 17, 1951
- ^ Civil Service Chief Quits, Wins Praise （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, "Toledo Blade" (Toledo, Ohio), Jan 1, 1953
- ^ Eisenhower Pledges To Rid Civil Service Of All Incompetents （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, "Florence Times" (Florence, Alabama), Mar 23, 1953
- ^ Two Quit CSC （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, "Reading Eagle" (Reading, Pennsylvania), Feb 11, 1957
- ^ 24.0 24.1 Ellsworth, Matthew Harris. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Senate Historical office and House Legislative Resource Center. [2016-10-06]. （原始內容存檔於2011-09-16）.
- ^ Roger Jones Becomes Head of Civil Service, "The Hartford Courant" (Hartford, Connecticut), Mar 10, 1959
- ^ Kennedy, Farm Bosses Tackle Issue[失效連結], "The Miami News" (Miami, Florida), Jan 5, 1961
- ^ Macy Serves First Month In Federal Post for Free, "The Hartford Courant" (Hartford, Connecticut), Mar 5, 1961
- ^ 28.0 28.1 Nixon Names Three to Policy Positions, "The Los Angeles Times" (Los Angeles, California), Jan 18, 1969
- ^ Robert E. Hampton, Member and Chairman, U.S. Civil Service Commission; Member and Chairman, Federal Labor Relations Council: Papers 1960-77. Gerald R. Ford Library-Guides. June 1989 [2011-02-09]. （原始內容存檔於2011-07-01）.