馬赫迪國

馬赫迪國
馬赫迪國; الدولة المهدية
	1885年—1899年
	國旗
	1894的馬赫迪蘇丹國
首都	恩圖曼
常用語言	蘇丹阿拉伯語
宗教	伊斯蘭教
政府	伊斯蘭國
伊瑪目馬赫迪
• 1881–1885	穆罕默德·艾哈邁德
哈里發
• 1885–1899	阿卜杜拉希·穆罕默德
立法機構	Shura council
歷史時期	殖民時代與帝國主義時代
• 馬赫迪戰爭	1881–1885
• 喀土穆陷落	1885年1月26日
• 《共管蘇丹協定》	1899年1月18日
• 烏姆迪維卡拉特戰役	1899年11月24日
• 薩寧·海珊起義失敗	1909年
人口
• 1898年前	7,000,000
• 1899年	2,000,000–3,000,000
貨幣	法理上的貨幣: ; 里亞爾馬克布爾; ; 事實上的貨幣:; 鄂圖曼里亞爾; 埃及馬吉迪; 西班牙元; 瑪麗亞·特蕾莎泰勒;
ISO 3166碼	SD
前身	繼承
	土埃蘇丹
英埃蘇丹
達爾富爾蘇丹國
今屬於	蘇丹; 南蘇丹

馬赫迪國（阿拉伯語：الدولة المهدية），又稱馬赫迪蘇丹（英語：Mahdist Sudan），是蘇丹歷史上的一個國家，建於1885年，亡於1899年。穆罕默德·艾哈邁德·本·阿卜杜拉於1881年發起反對統治蘇丹地區的埃及赫迪夫國，自1821年起，經過四年的鬥爭，馬赫迪叛軍推翻了鄂圖曼與埃及政府的統治，建立了自己的伊斯蘭政府，定都恩圖曼。穆罕默德·艾哈邁德自稱伊瑪目馬赫迪。1881年，英埃聯軍與馬赫迪國爆發馬赫迪戰爭，馬赫迪國於1898年戰敗，並於1899年1月與英國埃及簽署《共管蘇丹協定》，蘇丹成為英屬埃及共管蘇丹，馬赫迪國滅亡。

參考文獻編輯

^ Knight 2005，第37頁.
^ Sidahmed, Abdel Salam; Sidahmed, Alsir. Khalifa's administration. Sudan. Contemporary Middle East. Routledge. 2005: 17. ISBN 978-0-415-27417-3. The Mahdist administration centred around the person of the Khalifa Abdullah, both as the ultimate authority as well as the prime mover of the administrative system and initiator of policy. It has been noted that the Khalifa used to consult with his closest aides (such as his brother Ya'qub, and son 'Uthman Shaykh al-Din), and occasionally call for a meeting of the 'State Council'—apparently an advisory council—to which the Mahdi's surviving companions were invited.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Metelits, Claire. Inside Insurgency: Violence, Civilians, and Revolutionary Group Behavior. New York University Press. 2009: 37. ISBN 978-0-8147-9578-1. Estimates cite that the population of Sudan fell from seven million before the Mahdist revolt to between two and three million after the end of the Mahdist era.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Abu Shouk, Ahmad Ibrahim; Bjørkelo, Anders (編). A note on currencies. The Public Treasury of the Muslims: Monthly Budgets of the Mahdist State in the Sudan, 1897. The Ottoman Empire and its heritage, v. 5. E. J. Brill. 1996: xvii–xviii. ISBN 978-90-04-10358-0.

[FOOTNOTEKnight200537-1] Knight 2005，第37頁.

[2] Sidahmed, Abdel Salam; Sidahmed, Alsir. Khalifa's administration. Sudan. Contemporary Middle East. Routledge. 2005: 17. ISBN 978-0-415-27417-3. The Mahdist administration centred around the person of the Khalifa Abdullah, both as the ultimate authority as well as the prime mover of the administrative system and initiator of policy. It has been noted that the Khalifa used to consult with his closest aides (such as his brother Ya'qub, and son 'Uthman Shaykh al-Din), and occasionally call for a meeting of the 'State Council'—apparently an advisory council—to which the Mahdi's surviving companions were invited.

[Population-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Metelits, Claire. Inside Insurgency: Violence, Civilians, and Revolutionary Group Behavior. New York University Press. 2009: 37. ISBN 978-0-8147-9578-1. Estimates cite that the population of Sudan fell from seven million before the Mahdist revolt to between two and three million after the end of the Mahdist era.

[Currency-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Abu Shouk, Ahmad Ibrahim; Bjørkelo, Anders (編). A note on currencies. The Public Treasury of the Muslims: Monthly Budgets of the Mahdist State in the Sudan, 1897. The Ottoman Empire and its heritage, v. 5. E. J. Brill. 1996: xvii–xviii. ISBN 978-90-04-10358-0.

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馬赫迪國

參考文獻 編輯

參考文獻編輯