8.2千年事件

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原頁面：8.2千年事件
原操作者：Ultrahabbit (討論)(貢獻)
被翻譯的頁面：英文
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8.2千年事件是發生在8,200年之前，或者說公元前6,200年的全球氣溫突然下降。持續了2-4個世紀。比之前的新仙女木期的降溫要溫和，但是比之後的小冰河期降溫要猛烈得多。8.2千年事件是全新世氣候最佳期的一個意外。在這一事件中，大氣中的甲烷下降了80 ppb或者說15%^[1]。

1960年，瑞士植物學家Heinrich Zoller首先辨識出這一氣候事件，稱之為Misox oscillation^[2]。在挪威稱之為Finse event^[3]。 Bond等人認為8.2千年事件與1,500年氣候周期有關，稱之為「Bond event 5」^[4]。

最強的證據出自北大西洋地區；氣候的突然轉折清楚地記錄在格陵蘭的冰芯與北大西洋的沉積物中^[5]^[6]^[7]。在南極洲與南美的指示不明顯^[8]^[9]。但這一變冷是全球的，在海平面變化上顯著。

8.2千年事件可能是由於北美的勞倫泰冰蓋的最後的融水造成的—最可能是冰蓋融水湖：Ojibway冰融湖與Agassiz冰融湖突然崩潰注入了北大西洋^[10]^[11]^[12]（同類事件造成了Missoula洪水，產生了Channeled scablands與哥倫比亞河盆地）。冰融水衝擊影響了北大西洋的溫鹽環流，降低了向北的熱量輸送，造成北大西洋的降溫。降溫幅度為1-5 °C。在格陵蘭，這一事件開始於8175年前，20年內降溫3.3 °C，最冷的時段持續了60年，總持續時間為150年^[1]。在印度尼西亞的古珊瑚礁鑽探取樣表明，熱帶地區降溫了3 °C^[13]。這一事件也導致了全球CO₂在三百年時間裡下降了25ppm^[14]。

北非變得更為乾旱。東非經歷了5個世紀的大旱。在西亞，特別是美索不達米亞，造成了300年的乾旱寒冷，迫使當地人發展了灌溉農業、生產的剩餘、城市與階級的出現。但是這些多世紀跨度的變化難以與格陵蘭100多年的冰芯數據直接關聯起來。

最初的冰融水衝擊造成了海平面上升了0.5-4米。根據對冰蓋與冰融湖的體積的估計，造成了0.4-1.2米的海平面上升。根據現代河流三角洲之下沉積物的分析，8.2千年事件造成了冰後海平面正常上升之外的額外的2-4米升高^[15]。

參見

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kobashi, T.; et al.. Precise timing and characterization of abrupt climate change 8200 years ago from air trapped in polar ice. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2007, 26: 1212–1222. Bibcode:2007QSRv...26.1212K. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.01.009.
^ Zoller, Heinrich. Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen zur Vegetationsgeschichte der insubrischen Schweiz. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. 1960, 83: 45–156. ISSN 0366-970X （德語）.
^ Nesje, Atle; Dahl, Svein Olaf. The Greenland 8200 cal. yr BP event detected in loss-on-ignition profiles in Norwegian lacustrine sediment sequences. Journal of Quaternary Science. 2001, 16 (2): 155–166. Bibcode:2001JQS....16..155N. doi:10.1002/jqs.567.
^ Bond, G.; et al.. A Pervasive Millennial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates (PDF). Science. 1997, 278 (5341): 1257–66 [2012-09-21]. Bibcode:1997Sci...278.1257B. doi:10.1126/science.278.5341.1257. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-02-27）.
^ Alley, R. B.; et al.. Holocene climatic instability; a prominent, widespread event 8,200 yr ago. Geology. 1997, 25 (6): 483–6 [2012-09-21]. Bibcode:1997Geo....25..483A. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0483:HCIAPW>2.3.CO;2. （原始內容存檔於2011-09-28）.
^ Alley, Richard B.; Ágústsdóttir, Anna Maria. The 8k event: cause and consequences of a major Holocene abrupt climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2005, 24 (10-11): 1123–49. Bibcode:2005QSRv...24.1123A. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.12.004.
^ Sarmaja-Korjonen, Kaarina; Seppa, H. Abrupt and consistent responses of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems to the 8200 cal. yr cold event: a lacustrine record from Lake Arapisto, Finland. The Holocene. 2007, 17 (4): 457–467. doi:10.1177/0959683607077020.
^ Burroughs, William J. [ed.]. Climate: Into the 21st Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-521-79202-9.
^ Ljung, K.; et al.. South Atlantic island record reveals a South Atlantic response to the 8.2kyr event. Climate of the Past. 2007, 4 (1): 35–45 [2012-09-21]. doi:10.5194/cp-4-35-2008. （原始內容存檔於2012-02-10）.
^ Ehlers, Jürgen; Gibbard, Philip L. Quaternary Glaciations – Extent and Chronology. Part II: North America. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2004: 257–262. ISBN 0-444-51592-5.
^ Barber, D. C.; et al.. Forcing of the cold event 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide Lakes. Nature. 1999, 400 (6742): 344–8. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..344B. doi:10.1038/22504.
^ Ellison, Christopher R. W.; Chapman, Mark R.; Hall, Ian R. Surface and Deep Ocean Interactions During the Cold Climate Event 8200 Years Ago. Science. 2006, 312 (5782): 1929–32. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1929E. PMID 16809535. doi:10.1126/science.1127213.
^ Fagan, Brian. The Long Summer: How Climate Changed Civilization. New York: Basic Books. 2004: 107–108. ISBN 0-465-02281-2.
^ Wagner, Friederike; et al.. Rapid atmospheric CO₂ changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P. cooling event. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002, 99 (19): 12011–4. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9912011W. PMC 129389  . PMID 12202744. doi:10.1073/pnas.182420699.
^ Hijma, Marc P.; Cohen, Kim M. Timing and magnitude of the sea-level jump preluding the 8.2 kiloyear event. Geology. March 2010, 38 (3): 275–8 [2012-09-21]. doi:10.1130/G30439.1. （原始內容存檔於2011-05-05）.

[[Category:冰川]

[Kobashi-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kobashi, T.; et al.. Precise timing and characterization of abrupt climate change 8200 years ago from air trapped in polar ice. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2007, 26: 1212–1222. Bibcode:2007QSRv...26.1212K. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.01.009.

[Zoller1960-2] Zoller, Heinrich. Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen zur Vegetationsgeschichte der insubrischen Schweiz. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. 1960, 83: 45–156. ISSN 0366-970X （德語）.

[Nesje2001-3] Nesje, Atle; Dahl, Svein Olaf. The Greenland 8200 cal. yr BP event detected in loss-on-ignition profiles in Norwegian lacustrine sediment sequences. Journal of Quaternary Science. 2001, 16 (2): 155–166. Bibcode:2001JQS....16..155N. doi:10.1002/jqs.567.

[Bond1997-4] Bond, G.; et al.. A Pervasive Millennial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates (PDF). Science. 1997, 278 (5341): 1257–66 [2012-09-21]. Bibcode:1997Sci...278.1257B. doi:10.1126/science.278.5341.1257. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-02-27）.

[5] Alley, R. B.; et al.. Holocene climatic instability; a prominent, widespread event 8,200 yr ago. Geology. 1997, 25 (6): 483–6 [2012-09-21]. Bibcode:1997Geo....25..483A. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0483:HCIAPW>2.3.CO;2. （原始內容存檔於2011-09-28）.

[6] Alley, Richard B.; Ágústsdóttir, Anna Maria. The 8k event: cause and consequences of a major Holocene abrupt climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2005, 24 (10-11): 1123–49. Bibcode:2005QSRv...24.1123A. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.12.004.

[7] Sarmaja-Korjonen, Kaarina; Seppa, H. Abrupt and consistent responses of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems to the 8200 cal. yr cold event: a lacustrine record from Lake Arapisto, Finland. The Holocene. 2007, 17 (4): 457–467. doi:10.1177/0959683607077020.

[8] Burroughs, William J. [ed.]. Climate: Into the 21st Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-521-79202-9.

[9] Ljung, K.; et al.. South Atlantic island record reveals a South Atlantic response to the 8.2kyr event. Climate of the Past. 2007, 4 (1): 35–45 [2012-09-21]. doi:10.5194/cp-4-35-2008. （原始內容存檔於2012-02-10）.

[10] Ehlers, Jürgen; Gibbard, Philip L. Quaternary Glaciations – Extent and Chronology. Part II: North America. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2004: 257–262. ISBN 0-444-51592-5.

[11] Barber, D. C.; et al.. Forcing of the cold event 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide Lakes. Nature. 1999, 400 (6742): 344–8. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..344B. doi:10.1038/22504.

[12] Ellison, Christopher R. W.; Chapman, Mark R.; Hall, Ian R. Surface and Deep Ocean Interactions During the Cold Climate Event 8200 Years Ago. Science. 2006, 312 (5782): 1929–32. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1929E. PMID 16809535. doi:10.1126/science.1127213.

[13] Fagan, Brian. The Long Summer: How Climate Changed Civilization. New York: Basic Books. 2004: 107–108. ISBN 0-465-02281-2.

[14] Wagner, Friederike; et al.. Rapid atmospheric CO₂ changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P. cooling event. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002, 99 (19): 12011–4. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9912011W. PMC 129389  . PMID 12202744. doi:10.1073/pnas.182420699.

[Hijma2010-15] Hijma, Marc P.; Cohen, Kim M. Timing and magnitude of the sea-level jump preluding the 8.2 kiloyear event. Geology. March 2010, 38 (3): 275–8 [2012-09-21]. doi:10.1130/G30439.1. （原始內容存檔於2011-05-05）.

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閱論編氣候振盪
行星	米蘭科維奇循環晝夜週期（英語：Diurnal cycle）季節軌道驅動（英語：Orbital forcing）
極地	北極振盪北極偶極異常（英語：Arctic dipole anomaly）南極振盪南極繞極波（英語：Antarctic Circumpolar Wave）平流層暴發性增溫
海洋	大西洋赤道模式（英語：Atlantic Equatorial mode）大西洋多年代際振盪赤道印度洋振盪（英語：Monsoon of South Asia#Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation）聖嬰-南方振盪現象聖嬰現象反聖嬰現象印度洋偶極北大西洋振盪北太平洋振盪（英語：North Pacific Oscillation）太平洋十年振盪
大氣	丹斯高-厄施格周期馬登—朱利安振盪准兩年振盪太平洋-北美洲遙相關模態（英語：Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern）
冰河	大冰期邦德事件 8.2千年事件 5.9千年事件 4.2千年事件