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帕洛马山
帕洛马山天文台，位於帕洛馬山至高點附近。
最高点
海拔6,142英尺（1,872米） NAVD 88（英语：North American Vertical Datum of 1988）[1]
地形突起度2,856英尺（871米）[2]
坐标33°21′49″N 116°50′11″W / 33.363483514°N 116.836394236°W / 33.363483514; -116.836394236[1]
地理
位置 美国加利福尼亞州圣迭戈县
所属山脉半島山脈（英语：Peninsular Ranges）
地形圖美國地質調查局帕洛马山天文台
攀山
最简路线Road

帕洛馬山（Palomar Mountain）是美國加利福尼亞州聖地牙哥縣的一處山區，屬於半島山脈（英语：Peninsular Ranges）的一部分。帕洛馬山以天文台及海爾望遠鏡聞名，另有帕洛馬山州立公園（英语：Palomar Mountain State Park）。

歷史

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在白人進入美國之前，盧伊塞諾印地安人（英语：Luiseno）即稱此地為「帕奧」（Paauw），並稱至高點為「威丘」（（Wikyo）[3]。

後來西班牙人殖民上加利福尼亞時，稱此地為「帕洛馬」（Palomar），意即「鴿子的棲木」，蓋因此地出產許多斑尾鴿（英语：band-tailed pigeon）[4]。

1890年代，人口已足夠支持三間公立小學運作。 During the 1890s, the human population was sufficient to support three public schools, and it was a popular summer resort for Southern California, with three hotels in operation part of the time, and a tent city in Doane Valley each summer.

Palomar Observatory

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Palomar Mountain is most famous as being home since 1936 to the Palomar Observatory, and the giant Hale Telescope. The 200-inch telescope was the world's largest and most important telescope from 1949 until 1992. The observatory currently consists of three large telescopes.

Palomar Mountain State Park

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Palomar Mountain is the location of Palomar Mountain State Park, a California State Park（英语：California Department of Parks and Recreation）. There are campgrounds for vacationers, and had a campground for local school children until the San Diego Unified School District was forced to close it due to state budget cuts. The park averages 70,000 visitors annually. The campgrounds in the park were temporarily closed on October 2, 2011, due to state budget cuts, and the park was among 70 California State Parks threatened by budget cuts in fiscal years 2011-2012 and 2012-2013, but the park and the campgrounds remain open.[5][6]

Palomar Mountain, especially in the state park area, is densely wooded with abundant oak and conifer tree species (pine, cedar, fir). Ferns are abundant everywhere in the shady forest. The forest is supported by annual precipitation totals in excess of 30 inches.

Beginning in the 1920s a lookout tower（英语：lookout tower） has been present on Boucher Hill on Palomar Mountain. The tower had been active until it was abandoned in 1983 and then was reactivated when the FFLA (Forest Fire Lookout Association) began manning it in 2012.

Doane Valley, located within the State Park, is home to the Camp Palomar Outdoor School for 6th grade students in the San Diego Unified School District.[7]

Oak Knoll Campground

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At the base of Palomar Mountain on S6 is Oak Knoll Campground, formerly known as Palomar Gardens. Palomar Gardens was made somewhat famous by an earlier resident, George Adamski. Adamski had an observatory at Palomar Gardens and photographed objects in the night sky that he claimed were UFOs. Adamski co-authored Flying Saucers Have Landed in 1953,[8] about his alien encounter experiences. The 1977 film The Crater Lake Monster（英语：The Crater Lake Monster） had many scenes filmed on Palomar Mountain, including scenes shot at the summit restaurant, but not the scenes of the monster in a lake.[9]

High Point

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High Point, is in the Cleveland National Forest, in the Palomar Mountain range is one of the highest peaks in San Diego County, at 6,140英尺（1,871米）, surpassed by Cuyamaca Peak（英语：Cuyamaca Peak） (at 6,512英尺（1,985米）) and Hot Springs Mountain（英语：Hot Springs Mountain） (the county's highest point, at 6,533英尺（1,991米）). They are dwarfed by the higher 11,500英尺（3,505米） San Bernardino Mountains（英语：San Bernardino Mountains） a relatively short distance north in San Bernardino County and Riverside County and the 14,500英尺（4,420米） high Mount Whitney some 250 mi（402 km） further north. High Point is located roughly two miles east of the observatory. However, it is not accessible for the public from that direction (the observatory itself and adjacent land are private property, and the road to High Point from the observatory is blocked by a permanently closed gate). It may be reached via Palomar Divide Truck Trail, a dirt road that starts off highway 79 near Warner Springs, California（英语：Warner Springs, California）. The trip is 13 miles one way with 3000 ft of elevation gain via Palomar Divide Truck Trail. There is an operational USFS fire lookout on High Point, built in 1964. It is 70' tall, making it the tallest USFS fire tower in California. It was brought back into service in 2009 and is staffed by the FFLA (Forest Fire Lookout Association).

Other local peaks include:

  • Birch Hill (5,710英尺或1,740米)
  • Boucher Hill (5,436英尺或1,657米).

Access

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South Grade Road, the stretch of San Diego County Route S6（英语：San Diego County Route S6） going from State Route 76（英语：California State Route 76） to the summit, is popular among motorcycle riders and sports car drivers due to its challenging nature[10] (over 20 hairpin turns over the distance of less than 7 mi（11 km）). According to fire department records, there have been 26 reported motorcycle injury accidents on the mountain in 2005. In 2004, the figure was 23. In 2003 there were 26.[10]

Climate

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According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Palomar Mountain has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps. Annual precipitation on the mountain averages about 30 inches (highly variable from year to year), mostly falling between October and March. Snow falls during cold winter storms. Summers are mostly dry, except for occasional thunderstorms in late July to early September. The humid climate supports woods of oak, pine, fir and cedar on large swaths of the mountain.

Palomar Mountain (1981-2010)
月份 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 全年
历史最高温 °F（°C） 76
(24) 		75
(24) 		80
(27) 		86
(30) 		92
(33) 		98
(37) 		103
(39) 		110
(43) 		104
(40) 		93
(34) 		85
(29) 		75
(24) 		110
(43)
平均高温 °F（°C） 52
(11) 		53
(12) 		56
(13) 		61
(16) 		69
(21) 		77
(25) 		85
(29) 		85
(29) 		80
(27) 		70
(21) 		60
(16) 		52
(11) 		66.7
(19.3)
日均气温 °F（°C） 41
(5) 		42
(6) 		44
(7) 		48
(9) 		55
(13) 		62
(17) 		70
(21) 		69
(21) 		64
(18) 		54
(12) 		46
(8) 		40
(4) 		52.9
(11.6)
平均低温 °F（°C） 29
(−2) 		30
(−1) 		32
(0) 		35
(2) 		40
(4) 		47
(8) 		54
(12) 		53
(12) 		47
(8) 		38
(3) 		32
(0) 		27
(−3) 		38.7
(3.7)
历史最低温 °F（°C） −4
(−20) 		4
(−16) 		10
(−12) 		20
(−7) 		22
(−6) 		27
(−3) 		34
(1) 		33
(1) 		23
(−5) 		15
(−9) 		10
(−12) 		−1
(−18) 		−4
(−20)
平均降雨量 英寸（mm） 5.5
(140) 		6.8
(170) 		5.8
(150) 		2.7
(69) 		0.7
(18) 		0.2
(5.1) 		0.4
(10) 		0.8
(20) 		0.7
(18) 		1.9
(48) 		3.3
(84) 		4.9
(120) 		33.7
(860)
平均降雪量 英寸（cm） 6.8
(17) 		7.5
(19) 		9.4
(24) 		4.0
(10) 		0.4
(1.0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		1.8
(4.6) 		5.4
(14) 		35.5
(90)
数据来源1：[11]
数据来源2：[12]

Natural history

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The upper elevations of the Palomar Mountain Range have notably different habitats than its lower elevation foothills. The lower regions are in the California montane chaparral and woodlands（英语：California montane chaparral and woodlands） sub-ecoregion, adapted to the xeric/dry Mediterranean climate with chaparral and woodlands（英语：California chaparral and woodlands） flora. The higher regions are in the California mixed evergreen forest（英语：California mixed evergreen forest） sub-ecoregion, with California black oak（英语：California black oak）s, closed-cone pine（英语：Closed-cone pine forest）s, firs, and other California oak（英语：California oak woodland）s and conifers.[13] Higher elevations receive considerably more moisture than the coastal and inland valley lower slopes, with 30—60英寸（76—152 cm） of precipitation.[14] They can also receive snow from winter storms.[13]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Palomar. NGS data sheet. 美国测地局（英语：U.S. National Geodetic Survey）. [2009-08-03]. 
  2. ^ Palomar Mountain, California. Peakbagger.com. [2009-08-07]. 
  3. ^ Sparkman, Philip Stedman. The Culture of the Luiseño Indians (PDF). Berkeley: University of California Press. 1908 [2009-09-27]. 
  4. ^ Wood, Catherine M. Palomar from teepee to telescope (PDF). San Diego: Frye & Smith. 1937 [2009-10-31]. 
  5. ^ Palomar Mountain State Park – chins up, powering on. 
  6. ^ California State Park Closures Announced. Roughin.It. [25 May 2011]. 
  7. ^ Camp Palomar Outdoor School – Directions. San Diego Unified School District. [2009-08-07]. 
  8. ^ Leslie, Desmond; George Adamski. Flying saucers have landed. New York: British Book Centre. 1953. ISBN 0-85435-180-9. 
  9. ^ The Crater Lake Monster. Crown International Pictures. [2009-09-23]. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 J. Harry Jones. Twists, turns, trouble. The San Diego Union-Tribune. September 25, 2005 [2010-01-28]. 
  11. ^ Monthly Average/Record Temperatures. weather.com. [6 August 2015]. 
  12. ^ Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary. Western Regional Climate Center. [6 August 2015]. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Bailey's Palomar Resort. [2007-08-16]. 
  14. ^ waynesword.palomar.edu. [2007-08-16]. 

Sources

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维基共享资源中相關的多媒體資源：


Template:Protected areas of California

Category:Mountains of San Diego County, California（英语：Category:Mountains of San Diego County, California） *（英语：Category:Palomar Mountains） Category:Cleveland National Forest（英语：Category:Cleveland National Forest） Category:North County (San Diego County)（英语：Category:North County (San Diego County)） Category:Mountains of Southern California（英语：Category:Mountains of Southern California）

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