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聯邦州（通常簡稱為州，省，行政區，地方等）是一個聯邦國家的領土和憲法的組成部分。這些州與主權國家有所不同，他們的主權權力部分已經轉移到聯邦政府[1]。一個聯邦州保持在規定的地域行使行政管轄權，是一種區域政府的形式。
在某些情況下，聯邦是兩個或兩個以上的政治實體聯合創建的。政治實體是獨立的政治實體，或是境外領土（最常見的是殖民政權）[2]。在其他情況下，聯邦是兩個或兩個以上的單一制國家組成。[3]。一旦形成一個聯邦，聯邦和聯邦州之間的關係的規則成為聯邦的憲法，不是國際法律的一部分。
在有聯邦憲法的國家中，中央政府和州政府事權有一個劃分。這些州，省等等自治實體 - 是部分自治，並得到一定程度的憲法保障的自主權，但是事權的劃分每一個一個聯邦不同 [4]。從理論上講，一個聯邦州的立法權力不應該被聯邦政府否決，雖然這並非總是如此。但是，聯邦和地區自治實體之間的事權的劃分，是可以通過修改聯邦憲法和州憲法來修改的。
List of constituents by federation 编辑
The "federated units" in the table below have inherent governmental authority in the federation's constitutional system, while the "other units" are delegated authority by the federal government or are administered directly by it.
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- Notes
- ^ The Flemish Region and Walloon Region are subdivided into five provinces each, which are mandated by the Constitution of Belgium. Provincial governance are the responsibility of the regional governments.
- ^ The communities and regions are separate government institutions with different areas of responsibility. The communities are organized based on linguistic boundaries, which are different from regional boundaries.
- ^ The federal city has a level of self-ruling equal to the other main federal units.
- ^ The 1988 Brazilian Constitution treats the municipalities as parts of the Federation and not simply dependent subdivisions of the states.
- ^ Saint Kitts is governed directly by the federal government.
- ^ Adopted constitution accommodates existing regional governments, with the ultimate number and boundaries of the Federal Member States to be determined by the House of the People of the Federal Parliament.
註釋 编辑
- ^ Constitution of the United States of America: Tenth Amendment, Reserved Powers
- ^ 例子澳大利亞和美國
- ^ 1993年在比利時發生這種情況。比利時地區此前已經下放權力
- ^ 例如，加拿大各省與瑞士各州比大多數非西方聯邦擁有大量的權力，享受更多的保護，防止中央政府的干擾與。
- ^ Daniel, Kate; Special Broadcasting Service Corporation. SBS World Guide: The Complete Fact File on Every Country, 16th ed.. Prahran, Victoria, Australia: Hardie Grant Books. 2008: 827. ISBN 978-1-74066-648-0. p26.
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p38
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Autonomous region. See more at List of autonomous areas by country
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p46
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p74
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p101
- ^ Article 18
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p132
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p239
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p275
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p328
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p346
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p460
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p481
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p486
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p537
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p549
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p600
- ^ Federal structure of Russia, Article 65 of Russian Constitution.
- ^ The Federal Republic of Somalia - Harmonized Draft Constitution (PDF). Federal Republic of Somalia. [2 August 2012].
- ^ Guidebook to the Somali Draft Provisional Constitution. [2 August 2012].
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p687
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p700
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p760
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p774
- ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p798