User:Lihuapeng/沙盒

在数学中，数学分析领域有一类索伯列夫不等式，与索伯列夫空间的范数有关。这些不等式用于证明给出特定索伯列夫空间之间的包含关系的 索伯列夫嵌入定理，而Rellich–Kondrachov定理的条件稍强，表明一些索伯列夫空间是紧嵌入（英语：Compact embedding）在其他空间中的。这些索伯列夫空间以舍蓋·劉維奇·索伯列夫的名字命名。

Sobolev embedding theorem 编辑

Let $W k,p (R n)$ denote the Sobolev space consisting of all real-valued functions on $R n$ whose first $k$ weak derivatives are functions in $L p$ . Here $k$ is a non-negative integer and $1 \leq p < \infty$ . The first part of the Sobolev embedding theorem states that if $k > ℓ$ and $1 \leq p < q < \infty$ are two real numbers such that $(k - ℓ) p < n$ and:

{\frac {1}{q}}={\frac {1}{p}}-{\frac {k-\ell }{n}},

then

W^{k,p}(\mathbf {R} ^{n})\subseteq W^{\ell ,q}(\mathbf {R} ^{n})

and the embedding is continuous. In the special case of $k = 1$ and $ℓ = 0$ , Sobolev embedding gives

W^{1,p}(\mathbf {R} ^{n})\subseteq L^{p^{*}}(\mathbf {R} ^{n})

where $p *$ is the Sobolev conjugate of $p$ , given by

{\frac {1}{p^{*}}}={\frac {1}{p}}-{\frac {1}{n}}.

This special case of the Sobolev embedding is a direct consequence of the Gagliardo–Nirenberg–Sobolev inequality.

The second part of the Sobolev embedding theorem applies to embeddings in Hölder spaces $C r,α (R n)$ . If $(k - r - α)/ n = 1/ p$ with $α \in (0, 1)$ , then one has the embedding

W^{k,p}(\mathbf {R} ^{n})\subset C^{r,\alpha }(\mathbf {R} ^{n}).

This part of the Sobolev embedding is a direct consequence of Morrey's inequality. Intuitively, this inclusion expresses the fact that the existence of sufficiently many weak derivatives implies some continuity of the classical derivatives.

Generalizations 编辑

The Sobolev embedding theorem holds for Sobolev spaces $W k,p (M)$ on other suitable domains $M$ . In particular (Aubin 1982，Chapter 2; Aubin 1976), both parts of the Sobolev embedding hold when

$M$ is a bounded open set in $R n$ with Lipschitz boundary (or whose boundary satisfies the cone condition; Adams 1975，Theorem 5.4)
$M$ is a compact Riemannian manifold
$M$ is a compact Riemannian manifold with boundary with Lipschitz boundary
$M$ is a complete Riemannian manifold with injectivity radius $δ > 0$ and bounded sectional curvature.

Kondrachov embedding theorem 编辑

On a compact manifold with $C 1$ boundary, the Kondrachov embedding theorem states that if $k > ℓ$ and $k - n / p > ℓ - n / q$ then the Sobolev embedding

W^{k,p}(M)\subset W^{\ell ,q}(M)

is completely continuous (compact).

Gagliardo–Nirenberg–Sobolev inequality 编辑

Assume that $u$ is a continuously differentiable real-valued function on $R n$ with compact support. Then for $1 \leq p < n$ there is a constant $C$ depending only on $n$ and $p$ such that

\|u\|_{L^{p^{*}}(\mathbf {R} ^{n})}\leq C\|Du\|_{L^{p}(\mathbf {R} ^{n})}.

The case $1<p<n$ is due to Sobolev, $p=1$ to Gagliardo and Nirenberg independently. The Gagliardo–Nirenberg–Sobolev inequality implies directly the Sobolev embedding

W^{1,p}(\mathbf {R} ^{n})\subset L^{p^{*}}(\mathbf {R} ^{n}).

The embeddings in other orders on $R n$ are then obtained by suitable iteration.

Hardy–Littlewood–Sobolev lemma 编辑

Sobolev's original proof of the Sobolev embedding theorem relied on the following, sometimes known as the Hardy–Littlewood–Sobolev fractional integration theorem. An equivalent statement is known as the Sobolev lemma in （Aubin 1982，Chapter 2）. A proof is in （Stein，Chapter V, §1.3）.

Let $0 < α < n$ and $1 < p < q < \infty$ . Let $I α = (-Δ) - α /2$ be the Riesz potential on $R n$ . Then, for $q$ defined by

q={\frac {pn}{n-\alpha p}}

there exists a constant $C$ depending only on $p$ such that

\left\|I_{\alpha }f\right\|_{q}\leq C\|f\|_{p}.

If $p = 1$ , then one has two possible replacement estimates. The first is the more classical weak-type estimate:

m\left\{x:\left|I_{\alpha }f(x)\right|>\lambda \right\}\leq C\left({\frac {\|f\|_{1}}{\lambda }}\right)^{q},

where $1/ q = 1 - α / n$ . Alternatively one has the estimate

$\left\|I_{\alpha }f\right\|_{q}\leq C\|Rf\|_{1},$

where $Rf$ is the vector-valued Riesz transform, c.f. （Schikorra & Spector Van Schaftingen）. Interestingly the boundedness of the Riesz transforms implies that the latter inequality gives a unified way to write the family.

The Hardy–Littlewood–Sobolev lemma implies the Sobolev embedding essentially by the relationship between the Riesz transforms and the Riesz potentials.

Morrey's inequality 编辑

Assume $n < p \leq \infty$ . Then there exists a constant $C$ , depending only on $p$ and $n$ , such that

\|u\|_{C^{0,\gamma }(\mathbf {R} ^{n})}\leq C\|u\|_{W^{1,p}(\mathbf {R} ^{n})}

for all $u \in C 1 (R n) \cap L p (R n)$ , where

\gamma =1-{\frac {n}{p}}.

Thus if $u \in W 1, p (R n)$ , then $u$ is in fact Hölder continuous of exponent $γ$ , after possibly being redefined on a set of measure 0.

A similar result holds in a bounded domain $U$ with $C 1$ boundary. In this case,

\|u\|_{C^{0,\gamma }(U)}\leq C\|u\|_{W^{1,p}(U)}

where the constant $C$ depends now on $n, p$ and $U$ . This version of the inequality follows from the previous one by applying the norm-preserving extension of $W 1, p (U)$ to $W 1, p (R n)$ .

General Sobolev inequalities 编辑

Let $U$ be a bounded open subset of $R n$ , with a $C 1$ boundary. ( $U$ may also be unbounded, but in this case its boundary, if it exists, must be sufficiently well-behaved.) Assume $u \in W k,p (U)$ , then we consider two cases:

$k < n / p$ 编辑

In this case $u \in L q (U)$ , where

{\frac {1}{q}}={\frac {1}{p}}-{\frac {k}{n}}.

We have in addition the estimate

\|u\|_{L^{q}(U)}\leq C\|u\|_{W^{k,p}(U)}

,

the constant $C$ depending only on $k, p, n$ , and $U$ .

$k > n / p$ 编辑

Here, $u$ belongs to a Hölder space, more precisely:

u\in C^{k-\left[{\frac {n}{p}}\right]-1,\gamma }(U),

where

\gamma ={\begin{cases}\left[{\frac {n}{p}}\right]+1-{\frac {n}{p}}&{\frac {n}{p}}\notin \mathbf {Z} \\{\text{any element in }}(0,1)&{\frac {n}{p}}\in \mathbf {Z} \end{cases}}

We have in addition the estimate

\|u\|_{C^{k-\left[{\frac {n}{p}}\right]-1,\gamma }(U)}\leq C\|u\|_{W^{k,p}(U)},

the constant $C$ depending only on $k, p, n, γ$ , and $U$ .

Case $p=n,k=1$ 编辑

If $u\in W^{1,n}(\mathbf {R} ^{n})$ , then $u$ is a function of bounded mean oscillation and

\|u\|_{BMO}\leq C\|Du\|_{L^{n}(\mathbf {R} ^{n})},

for some constant $C$ depending only on $n$ . This estimate is a corollary of the Poincaré inequality.

Nash inequality 编辑

The Nash inequality, introduced by John Nash （1958）, states that there exists a constant $C > 0$ , such that for all $u \in L 1 (R n) \cap W 1,2 (R n)$ ,

\|u\|_{L^{2}(\mathbf {R} ^{n})}^{1+2/n}\leq C\|u\|_{L^{1}(\mathbf {R} ^{n})}^{2/n}\|Du\|_{L^{2}(\mathbf {R} ^{n})}.

The inequality follows from basic properties of the Fourier transform. Indeed, integrating over the complement of the ball of radius $ρ$ ,

\int _{|x|\geq \rho }\left|{\hat {u}}(x)\right|^{2}\,dx\leq \int _{|x|\geq \rho }{\frac {|x|^{2}}{\rho ^{2}}}\left|{\hat {u}}(x)\right|^{2}\,dx\leq \rho ^{-2}\int _{\mathbf {R} ^{n}}|Du|^{2}\,dx

(1)

by Parseval's theorem. On the other hand, one has

|{\hat {u}}|\leq \|u\|_{L^{1}}

which, when integrated over the ball of radius $ρ$ gives

\int _{|x|\leq \rho }|{\hat {u}}(x)|^{2}\,dx\leq \rho ^{n}\omega _{n}\|u\|_{L^{1}}^{2}

(2)

where $ω n$ is the volume of the $n$ -ball. Choosing $ρ$ to minimize the sum of (1) and (2) and again applying Parseval's theorem:

\|{\hat {u}}\|_{L^{2}}=\|u\|_{L^{2}}

gives the inequality.

In the special case of $n = 1$ , the Nash inequality can be extended^{[來源請求]} to the $L p$ case, in which case it is a generalization of the Gagliardo-Nirenberg-Sobolev inequality （Brezis 1999）. In fact, if $I$ is a bounded interval, then for all $1 \leq r < \infty$ and all $1 \leq q \leq p < \infty$ the following inequality holds

\|u\|_{L^{p}(I)}\leq C\|u\|_{L^{q}(I)}^{1-a}\|u\|_{W^{1,r}(I)}^{a},

where:

a\left({\frac {1}{q}}-{\frac {1}{r}}+1\right)={\frac {1}{q}}-{\frac {1}{p}}.

References 编辑

Adams, Robert A., Sobolev spaces, Pure and Applied Mathematics, 65., New York-London: Academic Press: xviii+268, 1975, ISBN 978-0-12-044150-1, MR 0450957 .
Aubin, Thierry, Espaces de Sobolev sur les variétés riemanniennes, Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques. 2e Série, 1976, 100 (2): 149–173, ISSN 0007-4497, MR 0488125
Aubin, Thierry, Nonlinear analysis on manifolds. Monge-Ampère equations, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences] 252, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982, ISBN 978-0-387-90704-8, MR 0681859 .
Brezis, Haïm, Analyse fonctionnelle : théorie et applications, Paris: Masson, 1983, ISBN 0-8218-0772-2
Evans, Lawrence, Partial Differential Equations, American Mathematical Society, Providence, 1998, ISBN 0-8218-0772-2
Vladimir G., Maz'ja, Sobolev spaces, Springer Series in Soviet Mathematics, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985 , Translated from the Russian by T. O. Shaposhnikova.
Nash, J., Continuity of solutions of parabolic and elliptic equations, Amer. J. Math. (American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 80, No. 4), 1958, 80 (4): 931–954, JSTOR 2372841, doi:10.2307/2372841 .
Nikol'skii, S.M., Imbedding theorems, Hazewinkel, Michiel (编), 数学百科全书, Springer, 2001, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
Stein, Elias, Singular integrals and differentiability properties of functions, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970, ISBN 0-691-08079-8
Schikorra, Armin; Spector, Daniel; Van Schaftingen, Jean, An $L^{1}$ -type estimate for Riesz potentials, http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.2318 外部链接存在于|journal= (帮助)