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User:TNTErick/Speech Level in Korean

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白一平中古漢語轉寫系統是一種來記錄中古漢語語音的拼音文字，由漢語學家白一平在1992年首次提出。作為一個以國際音標為基底的拉丁字母轉寫系統，是因為白一平的研究並非專注在中古漢語，而是上古漢語－－這個系統可以簡明的表示出一個字在中古漢語韻書中的聲母、韻部和聲調。

Sources for Middle Chinese 编辑

The centre of the study of Chinese historical phonology is the Qieyun, a rime dictionary created by Lu Fayan in 601 as a guide to the proper reading of classic texts. The dictionary divided characters between the four tones, which were subdivided into 193 rhyme groups and then into homophone groups. The pronunciation of each homophone group is given by a fanqie formula, a pair of common characters respectively indicating the initial and final sounds of the syllable. Lu Fayan's work was very influential, and led to a series of expanded and corrected versions following the same structure. The most important of these was the Guangyun (1007–08), in which the number of rhyme groups was increased to 206, though without significantly changing the phonological system of the Qieyun. Since the Qieyun was thought lost until the mid-20th century, most scholarship has been based on the Guangyun, and its rhyme categories are still used. The Qing dynasty scholar Chen Li analysed the fanqie spellings of the Guangyun, determining which initial and final spellers represented the same sounds, and thus enumerating the initials and finals of the underlying system.[1][2]

A series of rime tables from the Song dynasty applied a sophisticated analysis to the Qieyun system, though the language had changed in the interim. The initials were identified and categorized by place and manner of articulation. Finals were classified into 16 rhyme classes (攝 shè). Within each rhyme class, syllables were classified as either "open" (開 kāi) or "closed" (合 hé), as belonging to one of the four tones, and as belonging to one of four divisions (等 děng), indicated by rows of the table. The Qing philologists found that some of the finals of the rime dictionaries were always placed in the first row, some always in the second and some always in the fourth, and they were thus named finals of divisions I, II and IV respectively. The remaining finals were spread across the second, third and fourth rows, and were later called division III finals.[3][4] The division III finals can be further subdivided on the basis of their distribution:

  • Independent or pure division III finals occur only the third row of the rime tables, and occur only with labial, velar or laryngeal initials.
  • Mixed division III finals occur in the second, third and fourth rows of the rime tables.
  • The so-called chóngniǔ are doublets of division III finals, one occurring in the third row of the rime tables and the other in the fourth, but not distinguished in any other way. These finals also occur only with labial, velar or laryngeal initials.[5]

Baxter's notation 编辑

There have been many attempts to reconstruct the sounds or phonemes of the Qieyun system, conventionally called Early Middle Chinese, yielding a series of alphabetic transcriptions. Each of these is disputed to some extent, and many scholars doubt that the system corresponds to any single form of speech. The custom in Chinese scholarship is to neutrally describe a syllable with a string of six characters identifying its 攝 shè, whether it is 開 kāi or 合 hé, the division, tone, Guangyun rime and initial. Needing a reference point for his reconstruction of Old Chinese phonology, Baxter designed an alphabetical presentation of the same information, rather than a reconstruction.[6] His system is a significant simplification of the Karlgren–Li reconstruction of Middle Chinese, but retains a similar structure, especially in the treatment of medials and vowels.[7]

聲母 编辑

Baxter's transcriptions of the traditional initials are as follows:

Initials with traditional names
stops and affricates nasals fricatives glide Divisions
tenuis aspirate voiced tenuis voiced
Labials 幫 p- 滂 ph- 並 b- 明 m- all
Dentals 端 t- 透 th- 定 d- 泥 n- I and IV
Lateral 來 l- I, III and IV
Retroflex stops 知 tr- 徹 trh- 澄 dr- 娘 nr- II
Dental sibilants 精 ts- 清 tsh- 從 dz- 心 s- 邪 z- I, III and IV
Retroflex sibilants 莊 tsr- 初 tsrh- 崇 dzr- 生 sr- 俟 zr- II
Palatals 章 tsy- 昌 tsyh- 禪 dzy- 日 ny- 書 sy- 船 zy- 以 y- III
Velars 見 k- 溪 kh- 群 g- 疑 ng- all
Laryngeals 影 ʔ- 曉 x- 匣/云 h- all
Notes:
  • -r-, -y- and -h- do not represent separate segments, but retroflex, palatalized and aspirated articulation respectively of the preceding consonant.
  • The initial h- represents a voiced fricative ([ɣ] or [ɦ]) while x- represents its voiceless counterpart ([x] or [h]).[8]
  • In the rime tables, the palatal allophone of 云 is combined with 以 as a single initial 喻.

Finals 编辑

Finals with vocalic endings could occur in the level, rising or departing tones; the few that occurred only in the departing tone are marked with -H in the following table. The chóngniǔ doublets of division III finals are not distinguished in the traditional categories. Adopting a purely notational device of Li Fang-Kuei, Baxter used the spelling -ji- for finals occurring in the fourth row of the rime tables, retaining -j- for those occurring in the third row.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |+Vocalic codas ! rowspan="2" |Rhyme
class ! colspan="5" |開 kāi ! colspan="5" |合 hé |- !Div. I !Div. II !III mixed !III indep. !Div. IV !Div. I !Div. II !III mixed !III indep. !Div. IV |- !果 guǒ |歌 -a |歌 -ja |戈 -wa |戈 -jwa |- !假 jiǎ |麻 -æ |麻 -jæ |麻 -wæ |- valign="top" ! rowspan="2" |遇 yù |魚 -jo |- |模 -u |虞 -ju |- valign="top" ! rowspan="3" |蟹 xiè |咍 -oj |皆 -ɛj | colspan="2" |祭 -j(i)ejH |齊 -ej |灰 -woj |皆 -wɛj | colspan="2" |祭 -jw(i)ejH |齊 -wej |- |佳 -ɛɨ |佳 -wɛɨ |- |泰 -ajH |夬 -æjH |廢 -jojH |泰 -wajH |夬 -wæjH |廢 -jwojH |- valign="top" ! rowspan="3" |止 zhǐ | colspan="2" |支 -j(i)e | colspan="2" |支 -jw(i)e |- | colspan="2" |脂 -(j)ij | colspan="2" |脂 -(j)wij |- |之 -i |微 -jɨj |微 -jwɨj |- !效 xiào |豪 -aw |肴 -æw | colspan="2" |宵 -j(i)ew |蕭 -ew |- valign="top" !流 liú |侯 -uw |尤 -juw |幽 -jiw[a] |}

The -j- of division III finals is omitted after palatal initials, which end in -y-.[10]

决赛结束的 -m, n 和 吴 可能发生的水平上升，或者偏离的色调，并行的决赛结束 -p, -t 和 k 置于进入调。

Nasal codas
Rhyme
class 		開 kāi 合 hé
Div. I Div. II III mixed III indep. Div. IV Div. I Div. II III mixed III indep. Div. IV
咸  談 -am 銜 -æm 嚴 -jæm 凡 -jom
覃 -om 咸 -ɛm 鹽 -j(i)em 添 -em
深 shēn 侵 -(j)im
山 shān 寒 -an 刪 -æn 元 -jon 桓 -wan 刪 -wæn 元 -jwon
山 -ɛn 仙 -j(i)en 先 -en 山 -wɛn 仙 -jw(i)en 先 -wen
瑧 zhēn 痕 -on 臻 -in[b] 殷 -jɨn 魂 -won 文 -jun
真 -(j)in 諄 -(j)win
宕 dàng 唐 -ang 陽 -jang 唐 -wang 陽 -jwang
梗 gěng 庚 -æng 庚 -jæng 庚 -wæng 庚 -jwæng
耕 -ɛng 清 -jieng[c] 青 -eng 耕 -wɛng 清 -jwieng 青 -weng
曾 zēng 登 -ong 蒸 -ing 登 -wong 蒸 -wing
通 tōng 東 -uwng 東 -juwng
冬 -owng 鍾 -jowng
江 jiāng 江 -æwng

記 编辑

  1. ^ The 幽 -jiw final also occurs after a few dental and sibilant initials, where it is spelled -iw.[9]
  2. ^ The 臻 -in final occurs only after retroflex sibilants, and is in complementary distribution with 真 -in.[11]
  3. ^ The 清 -jieng final is spelled -jeng after dental and sibilant initials.[12]

參考文獻 编辑

引用

  1. ^ Norman (1988)，第24–28頁.
  2. ^ Baxter (1992)，第33–40頁.
  3. ^ Norman (1988)，第28–34頁.
  4. ^ Baxter (1992)，第41–43頁.
  5. ^ Baxter (1992)，第69–81頁.
  6. ^ Baxter (1992)，第27, 818–819頁.
  7. ^ Branner (2006)，第269頁.
  8. ^ Baxter (1992)，第45–46頁.
  9. ^ Baxter (1992)，第81頁.
  10. ^ Baxter (1992)，第31頁.
  11. ^ Baxter (1992)，第821頁.
  12. ^ Baxter (1992)，第80–81頁.

Works cited

外部連結 编辑

[[中古汉语轉寫系統是一種使用字母來記錄中古漢語語音的轉寫系統。注意到使用了轉寫而非音標或擬音，是因為白一平的銀就並非專注在中古漢語，而是尚古漢語－－這個系統可以簡明的表示出一個字在中患與時期的聲母、韻部和聲調。 It was introduced by Baxter as a reference point for his reconstruction of Old Chinese phonology.


Sources for Middle Chinese 编辑

The centre of the study of Chinese historical phonology is the Qieyun, a rime dictionary created by Lu Fayan in 601 as a guide to the proper reading of classic texts. The dictionary divided characters between the four tones, which were subdivided into 193 rhyme groups and then into homophone groups. The pronunciation of each homophone group is given by a fanqie formula, a pair of common characters respectively indicating the initial and final sounds of the syllable. Lu Fayan's work was very influential, and led to a series of expanded and corrected versions following the same structure. The most important of these was the Guangyun (1007–08), in which the number of rhyme groups was increased to 206, though without significantly changing the phonological system of the Qieyun. Since the Qieyun was thought lost until the mid-20th century, most scholarship has been based on the Guangyun, and its rhyme categories are still used. The Qing dynasty scholar Chen Li analysed the fanqie spellings of the Guangyun, determining which initial and final spellers represented the same sounds, and thus enumerating the initials and finals of the underlying system.[1][2]

A series of rime tables from the Song dynasty applied a sophisticated analysis to the Qieyun system, though the language had changed in the interim. The initials were identified and categorized by place and manner of articulation. Finals were classified into 16 rhyme classes (攝 shè). Within each rhyme class, syllables were classified as either "open" (開 kāi) or "closed" (合 hé), as belonging to one of the four tones, and as belonging to one of four divisions (等 děng), indicated by rows of the table. The Qing philologists found that some of the finals of the rime dictionaries were always placed in the first row, some always in the second and some always in the fourth, and they were thus named finals of divisions I, II and IV respectively. The remaining finals were spread across the second, third and fourth rows, and were later called division III finals.[3][4] The division III finals can be further subdivided on the basis of their distribution:

  • Independent or pure division III finals occur only the third row of the rime tables, and occur only with labial, velar or laryngeal initials.
  • Mixed division III finals occur in the second, third and fourth rows of the rime tables.
  • The so-called chóngniǔ are doublets of division III finals, one occurring in the third row of the rime tables and the other in the fourth, but not distinguished in any other way. These finals also occur only with labial, velar or laryngeal initials.[5]

Baxter's notation 编辑

There have been many attempts to reconstruct the sounds or phonemes of the Qieyun system, conventionally called Early Middle Chinese, yielding a series of alphabetic transcriptions. Each of these is disputed to some extent, and many scholars doubt that the system corresponds to any single form of speech. The custom in Chinese scholarship is to neutrally describe a syllable with a string of six characters identifying its 攝 shè, whether it is 開 kāi or 合 hé, the division, tone, Guangyun rime and initial. Needing a reference point for his reconstruction of Old Chinese phonology, Baxter designed an alphabetical presentation of the same information, rather than a reconstruction.[6] His system is a significant simplification of the Karlgren–Li reconstruction of Middle Chinese, but retains a similar structure, especially in the treatment of medials and vowels.[7]

聲母 编辑

Baxter's transcriptions of the traditional initials are as follows:

Initials with traditional names
stops and affricates nasals fricatives glide Divisions
tenuis aspirate voiced tenuis voiced
Labials 幫 p- 滂 ph- 並 b- 明 m- all
Dentals 端 t- 透 th- 定 d- 泥 n- I and IV
Lateral 來 l- I, III and IV
Retroflex stops 知 tr- 徹 trh- 澄 dr- 娘 nr- II
Dental sibilants 精 ts- 清 tsh- 從 dz- 心 s- 邪 z- I, III and IV
Retroflex sibilants 莊 tsr- 初 tsrh- 崇 dzr- 生 sr- 俟 zr- II
Palatals 章 tsy- 昌 tsyh- 禪 dzy- 日 ny- 書 sy- 船 zy- 以 y- III
Velars 見 k- 溪 kh- 群 g- 疑 ng- all
Laryngeals 影 ʔ- 曉 x- 匣/云 h- all
Notes:
  • -r-, -y- and -h- do not represent separate segments, but retroflex, palatalized and aspirated articulation respectively of the preceding consonant.
  • The initial h- represents a voiced fricative ([ɣ] or [ɦ]) while x- represents its voiceless counterpart ([x] or [h]).[8]
  • In the rime tables, the palatal allophone of 云 is combined with 以 as a single initial 喻.

Finals 编辑

Finals with vocalic endings could occur in the level, rising or departing tones; the few that occurred only in the departing tone are marked with -H in the following table. The chóngniǔ doublets of division III finals are not distinguished in the traditional categories. Adopting a purely notational device of Li Fang-Kuei, Baxter used the spelling -ji- for finals occurring in the fourth row of the rime tables, retaining -j- for those occurring in the third row.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |+Vocalic codas ! rowspan="2" |Rhyme
class ! colspan="5" |開 kāi ! colspan="5" |合 hé |- !Div. I !Div. II !III mixed !III indep. !Div. IV !Div. I !Div. II !III mixed !III indep. !Div. IV |- !果 guǒ |歌 -a |歌 -ja |戈 -wa |戈 -jwa |- !假 jiǎ |麻 -æ |麻 -jæ |麻 -wæ |- valign="top" ! rowspan="2" |遇 yù |魚 -jo |- |模 -u |虞 -ju |- valign="top" ! rowspan="3" |蟹 xiè |咍 -oj |皆 -ɛj | colspan="2" |祭 -j(i)ejH |齊 -ej |灰 -woj |皆 -wɛj | colspan="2" |祭 -jw(i)ejH |齊 -wej |- |佳 -ɛɨ |佳 -wɛɨ |- |泰 -ajH |夬 -æjH |廢 -jojH |泰 -wajH |夬 -wæjH |廢 -jwojH |- valign="top" ! rowspan="3" |止 zhǐ | colspan="2" |支 -j(i)e | colspan="2" |支 -jw(i)e |- | colspan="2" |脂 -(j)ij | colspan="2" |脂 -(j)wij |- |之 -i |微 -jɨj |微 -jwɨj |- !效 xiào |豪 -aw |肴 -æw | colspan="2" |宵 -j(i)ew |蕭 -ew |- valign="top" !流 liú |侯 -uw |尤 -juw |幽 -jiw[a] |}

The -j- of division III finals is omitted after palatal initials, which end in -y-.[10]

决赛结束的 -m, n 和 吴 可能发生的水平上升，或者偏离的色调，并行的决赛结束 -p, -t 和 k 置于进入调。

Nasal codas
Rhyme
class 		開 kāi 合 hé
Div. I Div. II III mixed III indep. Div. IV Div. I Div. II III mixed III indep. Div. IV
咸  談 -am 銜 -æm 嚴 -jæm 凡 -jom
覃 -om 咸 -ɛm 鹽 -j(i)em 添 -em
深 shēn 侵 -(j)im
山 shān 寒 -an 刪 -æn 元 -jon 桓 -wan 刪 -wæn 元 -jwon
山 -ɛn 仙 -j(i)en 先 -en 山 -wɛn 仙 -jw(i)en 先 -wen
瑧 zhēn 痕 -on 臻 -in[b] 殷 -jɨn 魂 -won 文 -jun
真 -(j)in 諄 -(j)win
宕 dàng 唐 -ang 陽 -jang 唐 -wang 陽 -jwang
梗 gěng 庚 -æng 庚 -jæng 庚 -wæng 庚 -jwæng
耕 -ɛng 清 -jieng[c] 青 -eng 耕 -wɛng 清 -jwieng 青 -weng
曾 zēng 登 -ong 蒸 -ing 登 -wong 蒸 -wing
通 tōng 東 -uwng 東 -juwng
冬 -owng 鍾 -jowng
江 jiāng 江 -æwng

記 编辑

  1. ^ The 幽 -jiw final also occurs after a few dental and sibilant initials, where it is spelled -iw.[9]
  2. ^ The 臻 -in final occurs only after retroflex sibilants, and is in complementary distribution with 真 -in.[11]
  3. ^ The 清 -jieng final is spelled -jeng after dental and sibilant initials.[12]

參考文獻 编辑

引用

  1. ^ Norman (1988)，第24–28頁.
  2. ^ Baxter (1992)，第33–40頁.
  3. ^ Norman (1988)，第28–34頁.
  4. ^ Baxter (1992)，第41–43頁.
  5. ^ Baxter (1992)，第69–81頁.
  6. ^ Baxter (1992)，第27, 818–819頁.
  7. ^ Branner (2006)，第269頁.
  8. ^ Baxter (1992)，第45–46頁.
  9. ^ Baxter (1992)，第81頁.
  10. ^ Baxter (1992)，第31頁.
  11. ^ Baxter (1992)，第821頁.
  12. ^ Baxter (1992)，第80–81頁.

Works cited

外部連結 编辑

取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:TNTErick/Speech_Level_in_Korean&oldid=52786685”