用户:Psycho CSL/基督教十字架变体

十字的变体

7世纪的拜占庭索利都斯金币，一面为利昂提奥斯手持十字球，另一面则是一个阶梯十字架。

宗主教十字，用于9世纪的拜占庭印章。

一间教会的平面图中所出现的希腊十字及拉丁十字。

此为基督教十字架变体的列表。基督教的十字架是基督教主要的宗教象征。带有基督形象的十字架称为十架苦像，而此形象通常被称作“corpus（拉丁语中的身体）”。

希腊式十字架是一种四臂相等的十字架，而拉丁式十字架则是指上短下长的等臂十字架，在中世纪时期发展出许多其他的变体。

基督教十字架广泛用于教堂、教会建筑、圣经、纹章、私人的珠宝等地方，作为基督教的象征。十字架也是基督教墓地的主要特征，雕刻在墓碑上或将石碑雕刻成十字。有时在某些基督教文化的国家会使用小十字来标记命案事故的地点，或用来标记如楚格峰或皇家山等地，使其在整个周边地区都能被清楚地看到。天主教、圣公会和路德教会的十字架通常是十架苦像，强调耶稣的重要性超过单独的十字架。是路德教会的主要使用大型的十架苦像（如rood），而某些新教团体使用的是没有主体（耶稣的身体）的十字架，将此形式的十字架解释为复活的信念，而非耶稣死亡与复活之间的间隔。

电脑中的可见文本有几种基督教十字架的变体。ASCII字符集的扩充版本包含了“拉丁十字 (†) ”，Unicode1.1版本中也新增了几种变体。

变体列表

基本形式

以下为一些基本的和一些早期广泛使用的变体。

图像	名称	外观描述
	希腊式十字架	四臂等长的十字，常见基督教十字架的形式之一，于4世纪广泛使用。
	拉丁式十字架	由长短两条梁组成的十字架 ，是基督教最常见的十字架形式，代表耶稣受难时的十字架。
	拜占庭式十字架	由两条向外扩张的垂直线组成。常见于古典时代晚期 和中世纪前期拜占庭帝国的文物，并被当时的几个基督教文化族群，如法兰克人 和哥特人所使用。
	宗主教十字	也称为大主教十字或双十字（crux gemina），由两横杆和一直杆互相垂直组成，上方的横杆较短，代表钉在耶稣十字架上的牌匾。与洛林十字相似，但后者版本中下方的横杆位置较低。 俄罗斯式十字架的版本则是在直杆下方加上一斜线。
	双交叉十字	八点交叉石仪式的双十字符号（the eight-point cross-stone ceremony）。 其与希腊字母"XI"（"基督"一词的首字母 ）相似，是代表复兴的符号。
	洛林十字 (two-barred cross)	由一直杆和两横杆组成，直杆垂直并与两横杆交叉。位于上方的横杆在多数版本中较下方横杆短，但也有两横杆等长的版本。
	教皇十字架	直杆上方有三横杆的十字架，按照长短排列，最短的横杆位于最上方。
	耶稣圣心	以耶稣的心露于外，绕以茨冠，上有火焰和一个拉丁式十字架。
	塞勒姆十字架	也被称为教宗十字架（ pontifical cross）与宗主教十字类似，差别在于前者下方多了一横杆，与最上方横杆等长。
	花押十字/ Tau-Rho十字	早期的十字架图像，出现在新约 手稿中的第66页、第45页及第75页。
	凯乐符号/基督符（Chrismon）/拉布兰旗	凯乐符号（Chi Rho /ˈkaɪ ˈroʊ/）也称作基督符（chrismon) ，是最早的基督图像形式之一，由希腊单词ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ (Christos) 的前两个（大写）字母 chi 和 rho (ΧΡ) 叠加而成，其中 rho 的垂直笔划与中心相交。
	阶梯式十字	一种立于阶梯上的十字架（通常立于三级阶梯上），也称为卡瓦里十字 该符号首次出现在拜占庭皇帝 希拉克略（610–641 年在位）时期的铸币上。三个阶梯分别代表 信、望、爱, 有时标记为 Fides（上）、Spes（中）和 Caritas（下），等词的拉丁形式。
	耶路撒冷十字	也被称为十字军的十字架，为一个大十字和四个小十字。被用来当作耶路撒冷王国的象征。
	环十字	外部有个圆环的十字架。这种十字架有许多变体，包含带有光环的十字以及凯尔特十字。 光环主要用于标示耶稣等代表三位一体的人物，常出现在中世纪的艺术作品中。
	叉子十字	13世纪末与14世纪初流行于德国莱茵兰的一种Y型十字，又名 crucifixus dolorosus。有时也被称为叉子（furca）、Y型十架（ypsilon cross或Y-cross）、强盗十架（robber's cross）或窃贼十架（thief's cross）。

圣十字

图像	名称	外观描述
	圣彼得十字架	一个倒置的十字架，代表圣彼得是被倒著钉死在十字架上的。
	T型十字架	一个T型的十字架，也称为圣安东尼十字架或圣方济各十字架或承诺交叉（crux commissa）。
	圣安德烈十字（crux decussata）	呈X形的十字符号，相传苏格兰的主保圣人安得烈殉道时被钉在X形十字架上，故这种十字也是苏格兰国旗上的符号。
	圣布丽姬十字	与圣布丽姬相关的十字，也称为基尔代尔十字，一般由灯芯草、麦秆之类的材料编织而成。在不同的状况下可能是代表基督徒或异教徒的符号。
	圣乔治十字	与经常被描绘成中世纪晚期的十字军战士的军事圣人圣乔治相关，常出现在许多旗帜及纹章上。最早被用来当作热那亚共和国军旗的标志，后来也被用于十字军东征。而英格兰国旗 及格鲁吉亚国旗也用了这个符号。
	水手十字架	也被称为圣克莱孟十字，用于纪念圣克莱孟的殉道方式。
	卡斯伯特胸十字	也被称作索尔十字架。
	圣基路伯十字 (Portate cross)	一种倾斜的十字架，看起来就像是被扛在肩上，沿着地面将其拖到受难地点一样。
	雅各 (亚勒腓的儿子)十字	红色的十字，是十二世纪加利西亚和卡斯蒂利亚圣地亚哥军事勋章的徽章，以圣雅各伯名字命名。
	圣朱利安十字	倾斜45度，四个小十字顶部指向“世界的四个角落”的十字架。其有时被称为传教士十字架，原因与基督教的形象传播到世界各地有关。
	葡萄藤十字（圣尼诺十字架）	也被称为卡帕多西亚的圣尼诺十字架，圣尼诺使乔治亚基督教化。
	圣多玛十架	印度喀拉拉邦的圣多马基督徒（或称叙利亚基督徒或纳斯拉尼）所使用的古老十字架。
	斐理伯十字	一种横向的十字架
	圣弗洛里安十架	与圣弗洛里安相关的十字架，经常与马耳他十字混淆。
	死亡轮	由马车车轮组成，与亚历山大的加大肋纳、圣贾利斯 、圣康坦（使徒） 等至少三位圣徒相关。
	圣约翰十字	带有交叉点的拉丁十字，双臂等宽，仅在其末端向外侧臂处加宽， 是纹章学中常见的符号。
	圣查德十字	强化十字与方形十字的合体。
	耶利米十字	先知耶利米的十字架，也被称为“哭泣的先知”。
	Cross of Lazarus	与拉萨路相关的绿色 马耳他十字 。
	莫里斯十字	一种与圣莫里斯相关的白色十字。

Confessional or regional variants

更多信息：Crosses in heraldry

Image	Name	Description
	Armenian cross	Symbol of the Armenian Apostolic Church, and a typical feature of khachkars. Also known as the "Blooming Cross" owing to the trefoil emblems at the ends of each branch. A khachkar (cross-stone) is a popular symbol of Armenian Christianity.
	Bolnisi cross	Ancient Georgian cross and national symbol from the 5th century AD.
	Cross of Burgundy	A saw toothed form of the St. Andrews cross, symbolizing the rough branches he was crucified on. A historic symbol of the Burgundy region, dating back to the 15th century when supporters of the Duke of Burgundy adopted the badge to show allegiance in the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War.
	Byzantine cross-crosslet	A Byzantine cross variant seen on several coins and artifacts of the Late Macedonian, Doukas, and Early Komnenos dynasties of the Byzantine Empire (c.950-1092). Combines aspects of the Patriarchal cross, Greek cross, and Calvary cross into a unique variation that may have inspired the later Jerusalem cross.
	Canterbury cross	A cross with four arms of equal length which widen to a hammer shape at the outside ends. Each arm has a triangular panel inscribed in a triquetra (three-cornered knot) pattern. There is a small square panel in the center of the cross. A symbol of the Anglican and Episcopal Churches.
	Celtic Cross	Essentially a Greek or Latin cross, with a circle enclosing the intersection of the upright and crossbar, as in the standing High crosses.
	Coptic ankh	Shaped like the letter T surmounted by an oval or circle. Originally the Egyptian symbol for "life", it was adopted by the Copts (Egyptian Christians). Also called a crux ansata, meaning "cross with a handle".
	Coptic cross	The original Coptic cross has its origin in the Coptic ankh. As depicted in Rudolf Koch's The Book of Signs (1933).
	New Coptic Cross	This new Coptic Cross is the cross currently used by the Coptic Catholic Church and the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. It evolved from the older Coptic Crosses depicted above. A gallery of Coptic Crosses can be found here.
	Ethiopian-Eritrean cross	This is one of many variations of Ethiopian crosses and Eritrean crosses generally made up of latticework, used by Ethiopian Christians and Eritrean Christians.
	Cossack cross	A type of cross used by Zaporozhian Cossacks and the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Frequently used in Ukraine as a memorial sign to fallen soldiers and in military awards.
	Cross and Crown	A Christian symbol used by various Christian denominations, particularly the Bible Student movement and the Church of Christ, Scientist. It has also been used in heraldry. The emblem is often interpreted as symbolizing the reward in heaven (the crown) coming after the trials in this life (the cross) (James 1:12).
	East Syrian cross	Church of the East cross.
	Gamma cross	A Greek cross. Depicted, as an instance, on the vestments of the hierarchs of the Eastern Orthodox Church
	Huguenot cross	The symbolism of the Huguenot cross is particularly rich. The cross as an eminent symbol of the Christian faith, represents not only the death of Christ but also victory over death and impiety. This is represented also in the Maltese cross. It is boutonné, the eight points symbolising the eight Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3–12) Between the arms of the cross is the stylised fleur-de-lys (on the French Coat of Arms), each has 3 petals; the total of twelve petals of the fleur-de-lys signify the twelve apostles. Between each fleur-de-lys and the arms of the Maltese cross with which it is joined, an open space in the form of a heart, the symbol of loyalty, suggests the seal of the French Reformer, John Calvin. The pendant dove symbolises the Holy Spirit (Romans 8:16). In times of persecution a pearl, symbolizing a teardrop, replaced the dove.
	Maltese cross	An eight-pointed cross having the form of four "V"-shaped elements, each joining the others at its vertex, leaving the other two tips spread outward symmetrically. It is the cross symbol associated with the Order of St. John since the Middle Ages, shared with the traditional Knights Hospitaller and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, and by extension with the island of Malta.
	Order of Christ Cross	A red Greek cross starting initially as wide permanent and widening only at its end to the outside arms, with a white inner simple Greek cross. Not to be confused with the Cross of Saint John nor the Maltese cross. It's the insignia of the Military Order of Christ (Portuguese: Ordem Militar de Cristo), former Knights Templar order as it was reconstituted in Portugal after the Templars were abolished on 22 March 1312, being the Grand Master the current President of Portugal. It's an honorific symbol of the Portuguese Navy, and current symbol of the Portuguese Air Force.
	Supreme Order of Christ Cross	A red Latin cross starting initially as wide permanent and widening only at its end to the outside arms, with a white inner simple Latin cross. Not to be confused with the Cross of Saint John nor the Maltese cross. It's the symbol of the Papal Supreme Order of Christ (Italian: Ordine Supremo del Cristo), the highest order of chivalry awarded by the Pope, and it's the Papal parallel to the Order of Christ in both Portugal and Brazil.
	Maronite cross	Cross of the Syriac Maronite Church. Reminiscent of the Papal cross and cross of Lazarus.
	Nestorian cross	In Eastern Christian art found on tombs in China, these crosses are sometimes simplified and depicted as resting on a lotus flower or on a stylized cloud.
	Occitan cross	Based on the counts of Toulouse's traditional coat of arms, it soon became the symbol of Occitania as a whole.
	"Carolingian cross"	Cross of triquetras, called "Carolingian" by Rudolf Koch for its appearance in Carolingian-era art.
	Rose Cross	A cross with a rose blooming at the center. The central symbol to all groups embracing the philosophy of the Rosicrucians.
	Serbian cross	A Greek cross with four Cyrillic S's (C) in each of its angles, inspired by the imperial motto of the Palaiologos dynasty, but with the meaning of "Only unity saves the Serbs" (Само Слога Србина Спасава), generally attributed to Serbian patron saint, St. Sava. A national symbol of Serbia and symbol of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
	Shield of the Trinity	Early variant of the Trinity Shield with the Christian cross on the bottom portion.
	Suppedaneum cross	Also known as the Russian cross, Slavic, Slavonic cross, or Orthodox, East Orthodox, Russian Orthodox cross. A three-barred cross in which the short top bar represents the inscription over Jesus' head, and the lowest (usually slanting) short bar, placed near the foot, represents his footrest (in Latin, suppedaneum). This cross existed in a slightly different form (with the bottom crossbeam pointing upwards) in Byzantium, and it was changed and adopted by the Russian Orthodox Church and especially popularized in the East Slavic countries.
	Macedonian Cross, also known as Veljusa Cross.	Macedonian Christian symbol, symbol of the Macedonian Orthodox Church.
	Anuradhapura cross	A symbol of Christianity in Sri Lanka.
	Nordic cross/Scandinavian cross	The cross design represents Christianity, and the characteristic shift of the center to the hoist side is early modern, first described as the Danish civil ensign (Koffardiflaget) for merchant ships in a regulation of 11 June 1748, which specified the shift of the cross center towards the hoist as "the two first fields must be square in form and the two outer fields must be 6/4 lengths of those".
	West Syrian cross	Syriac Orthodox cross.
	Gion-mamori mon	The mon of the Gion Shrine, depicting two crossed amulets, adopted by Kakure Kirishitans persecuted under the Tokugawa Shogunate.

 

现代的形式

Image	Name	Description
	Marian Cross	A term invented to refer to Pope John Paul II's combination of a Latin cross and the letter M, representing Mary being present on Calvary.
	Off Center Cross of Christian Universalism.	The off-center cross was invented in late April, 1946, in a hotel room in Akron, Ohio, during the Universalist General Assembly, where a number of Universalist ministers pooled their ideas.
	Ordnance Survey cross symbols	Used on Ordnance Survey maps to represent churches and chapels. A cross on a filled square represents a church with a tower; and a cross on a filled circle represents a church with a spire. Churches without towers or spires are represented by plain Greek crosses. These symbols also now refer to non-Christian places of worship, and the cross on a filled circle also represents a place of worship with a minaret or dome.
	Cross of Camargue	Symbol for the French region of Camargue, created in 1926 by the painter Hermann-Paul at the request of Folco de Baroncelli-Javon to represent the "Camargue nation" of herdsmen and fishermen. It embodies the three theological virtues of Christianity: faith (represented by tridents of gardians on a Christian cross), hope (represented by the anchor of sinners), and charity (represented by the heart of The Three Marys).

制品类型

Image	Name	Description
	十架苦像	主要出现在天主教会、Anglican、Lutheran及东正教的教堂，象征基督被钉在十字架上而死。
	Altar cross	A cross on a flat base to rest upon the altar of a church. The earliest known representation of an altar cross appears in a miniature in a 9th-century manuscript. By the 10th century such crosses were in common use, but the earliest extant altar cross is a 12th-century one in the Great Lavra on Mount Athos. Mass in the Roman Rite requires the presence of a cross (more exactly, a crucifix) "on or close to" the altar. Accordingly, the required cross may rest on the reredos rather than on the altar, or it may be on the wall behind the altar or be suspended above the altar.
	降福十字架	东仪天主教会的祭司或东正教和东方正统教会用来赐予信徒祝福的十字架。
	十字架项链	作为项链坠饰佩戴的小十字架或十架苦像。
	High cross	A large stone cross that is richly decorated. From the 19th century, many large modern versions have been erected for various functions, and smaller Celtic crosses have become popular for individual grave monuments, usually featuring only abstract ornament, usually interlace.
	Processional cross	Used to lead religious processions; sometimes, after the procession it is placed behind the altar to serve as an altar cross.
	宝石十字	镶嵌著宝石的十字架。Denotes a glorification of the cross, this form was inspired by the cult of the cross that arose after Saint Helena's discovery of the True Cross in Jerusalem in 327. Popular in the Late Roman and Byzantine Empire, it was adopted by many cultures of Late Antiquity, including the Franks, Goths, and Lombards. Examples persisted into the early Medieval period, such as the Cruz de la Victoria of Asturias.
	胸前十字架	一种部分圣职者佩戴在胸前的大十字架（拉丁语： pectus）。
	Rood	在教堂里高挂着的大型十字苦像，常见于中世纪的西方教堂，通常与圣母马利亚及 圣约翰的形象并列，也常被装在圣坛屏上。
	十字圣球	一种金球人工制品，顶部有一个十字架，罗马帝国晚期开始用于帝国意象。原先是十字军（globus cruciger）讨伐拜占庭帝国时的王权象征 ，后来被教皇、神圣罗马帝国和许多中世纪后期及现代早期的国家用来表示帝国对基督教世界的权威。
	铁十字勋章	起源于普鲁士的德国军用十字架。后用于 德意志帝国 、魏玛共和国、纳粹第三帝国和战后联邦共和国的各种军事和安全部队装饰。
	做为路标的十字	一种欧洲常见的作为路标的十字架。
	事故现场的十字	一种立在发生谋杀或意外事故的现场的十字架。

参见

• 基督教十字架
• Crosses in heraldry
• Christian symbolism
• Saint symbolism
• Crucifixion in the arts
• Cultural, political, and religious symbols in Unicode
• 十字架