淡紫擬青黴菌

淡紫擬青黴菌學名Purpureocillium lilacinum)又稱淡紫紫孢菌[3],是線蟲草科紫孢霉屬的一種真菌[4],已自土壤、沈積物、污泥、昆蟲與線蟲樣本中採得,在攝氏8-38度的溫度下皆可生長,其中以26-30度較佳,且對pH值與生長基質的耐受範圍也相當廣[5][6]。本種因可感染線蟲而被用於對抗線蟲蟲害的生物防治劑

淡紫擬青黴菌
淡紫擬青黴菌的分生孢子
科學分類 編輯
界: 真菌界 Fungi
門: 子囊菌門 Ascomycota
綱: 糞殼菌綱 Sordariomycetes
目: 肉座菌目 Hypocreales
科: 線蟲草科 Ophiocordycipitaceae
屬: 紫孢霉屬 Purpureocillium
種:
淡紫擬青黴菌 P. lilacinum
二名法
Purpureocillium lilacinum
(Thom) Luangsa-ard, Hou- braken, Hywel-Jones & Samson (2011)
異名[2]

Paecillium Luangsa-ard, Hywel-Jones & Samson nom. prov. (2007)[1]
Penicillium lilacinum Thom (1910)
Penicillium amethystinum Wehmer (1923)
Spicaria rubidopurpurea Aoki (1941) Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom英語Charles Thom) Samson (1974)

分類

編輯

淡紫擬青黴菌於1910年由美國真菌學家查爾斯·索姆英語Charles Thom發表描述,當時被歸入青黴屬中,學名為Penicillium lilacinum[7]。1974年Robert A. Samson將其改歸入擬青黴屬Paecilomyces[5]。2000年代的研究發現擬青黴屬非單系群[8][9],後有學者發表新屬紫孢霉屬Purpureocillium)並將本種分入其中,屬名意指「紫色的孢子」,得名自該屬真菌紫色的分生孢子[10],本種的分生孢子呈橢圓形至梭形,由菌絲末端的特化結構瓶梗產生,分散排列成鏈狀結構,表面光滑至稍微粗糙,尚未觀察到厚垣孢子;菌絲為透明,寬2.5-4微米[5]

感染線蟲

編輯
 
淡紫擬青黴菌可感染多種線蟲,圖為根結線蟲

1966年即有研究發現淡紫擬青黴菌可感染線蟲的卵[11],其菌絲在線蟲卵的表面上生長後可形成附著器(菌絲尖端的膨大特化結構),進而穿透卵殼、殺死線蟲、並產生更多的分生孢子以繼續感染周圍的卵。目前淡紫擬青黴菌已自多種線蟲與多個地區的土壤樣本中被發現[12][13]。本種可用於生物防治以對抗線蟲的蟲害,祕魯已有數個野外試驗成功使用本種抑制線蟲蟲害[14],當地的品系進而被送至世界各地不同氣候、作物的環境下進行測試[15],各品系感染線蟲的毒力不同,有些品系在雖實驗室測試中取得成功,但實際應用上效果不彰[16]

致病

編輯

淡紫擬青黴菌在少數情況下可感染人類致病[17][18],大多數患者為免疫缺乏者或體內留置醫療器具(如人工晶狀體)者[19][20],有研究顯示本種可能為感染免疫缺乏與免疫正常者的新興病原[21][22]

參考文獻

編輯
  1. ^ Domsch KH, Gams W, Anderson TH (編). Compendium of Soil Fungi 2nd. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. 2007: 322. ISBN 978-3-9803083-8-0. 
  2. ^ Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson 1974. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. [2011-07-17]. 
  3. ^ 王毅、王娟、王四海、李雲琴、原曉龍、陳中華. 蒜头果的内生真菌多样性分析. 基因組學與應用生物學. 2018, 9 [2022-07-17]. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-17). 
  4. ^ Spatafora; et al. New 1F1N Species Combinations in Ophiocordycipitaceae (Hypocreales). IMA Fungus. 2015, 6 (2): 357–362. PMC 4681259 . PMID 26734546. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.02.07. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Samson RA. Paecilomyces and some allied hyphomycetes. Studies in Mycology. 1974, 6: 58. 
  6. ^ Anderson TH, Domsch KH, Gams W. Compendium of Soil Fungi. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. 1995. ISBN 978-3-9803083-8-0. 
  7. ^ Thom C. Cultural studies of species of penicillium. Bulletin of the Bureau of Animal Industry US Department of Agriculture. 1910, 118: 73. 
  8. ^ Inglis PW, Tigano MS. Identification and taxonomy of some entomopathogenic Paecilomyces spp. (Ascomycota) isolates using rDNA-ITS Sequences (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2006, 29 (1): 132–6 [2022-07-17]. doi:10.1590/s1415-47572006000100025 . (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-09-24). 
  9. ^ Sung GH, Hywel-Jones NL, Sung JM, Luangsa-ard JJ, Shrestha B, Spatafora JW. Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi. Studies in Mycology. 2007, 57 (1): 5–59. PMC 2104736 . PMID 18490993. doi:10.3114/sim.2007.57.01. 
  10. ^ Luangsa-Ard J, Houbraken J, van Doorn T, Hong SB, Borman AM, Hywel-Jones NL, Samson RA. Purpureocillium, a new genus for the medically important Paecilomyces lilacinus. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 2011, 321 (2): 141–9. PMID 21631575. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02322.x . 
  11. ^ Lysek H. Study of biology of geohelminths. II. The importance of some soil microorganisms for the viability of geohelminth eggs in the soil. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis. 1996, 40: 83–90. 
  12. ^ Stirling, GR. Biological Control of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. UK: CABI Publishing. 1991: 282. 
  13. ^ Stirling GR, West LM. Fungal parasites of root-knot nematode eggs from tropical and sub-tropical regions of Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology. 1991, 20 (4): 149–54. S2CID 34778287. doi:10.1071/APP9910149. 
  14. ^ Jatala P, Kaltenbach R, Bocangel M. Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita acrita and Globodera pallida on potatoes. Journal of Nematology. 1979, 11: 303. 
  15. ^ Jatala P. Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 1986, 24: 453–89. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.24.090186.002321. 
  16. ^ Gomes Carniero RMD, Cayrol J. Relationship between inoculum density of the nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus and control of Meloidogyne arenaria on tomato. Revue de Nématologie. 1991, 14 (4): 629–34. 
  17. ^ Saberhagen C, Klotz SA, Bartholomew W, Drews D, Dixon A. Infection due to Paecilomyces lilacinus: a challenging clinical identification. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1997, 25 (6): 1411–3. PMID 9431388. doi:10.1086/516136. 
  18. ^ Westenfeld F, Alston WK, Winn WC. Complicated soft tissue infection with prepatellar bursitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus in an immunocompetent host: case report and review. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996, 34 (6): 1559–62. PMC 229063 . PMID 8735119. doi:10.1128/JCM.34.6.1559-1562.1996. 
  19. ^ O'Day DM. Fungal endophthalmitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus after intraocular lens implantation. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1977, 83 (1): 130–1. PMID 299984. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(77)90206-9. 
  20. ^ Pettit TH, Olson RJ, Foos RY, Martin WJ. Fungal endophthalmitis following intraocular lens implantation. A surgical epidemic. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1980, 98 (6): 1025–39. PMID 7190003. doi:10.1001/archopht.1980.01020031015002. 
  21. ^ Safdar A. Progressive cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis due to Paecilomyces lilacinus: rapid response to treatment with caspofungin and itraconazole. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2002, 34 (10): 1415–7. PMID 11981740. doi:10.1086/340260 . 
  22. ^ Carey J, D』Amico R, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG. Paecilomyces lilacinus vaginitis in an immunocompetent patient.. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 [2022-07-17]. (原始內容存檔於2009-11-05).