生產社會化

在卡爾·馬克思和弗里德里希·恩格斯以及後來的一些馬克思主義學者的理論著作中，生產社會化是指商品的生產和銷售從個人的行為轉變為社會和集體的行為的過程。在資本主義出現之前，基本上商品生產僅需個人就能獨自完成。隨着資本主義的發展，商品生產開始集中在企業，並且商品生產過程越來越機械化。生產社會化的產生原因是由於資本在相關產業日益集中，資本投資回報率不斷提高，勞動分工不斷深化以及日益複雜的生產形式和生產技術專業化^[1]。

馬克思在政治經濟學批判中指出，隨着資本主義的發展，生產社會化與剩餘價值之間出現矛盾。古典馬克思主義者認為，這種矛盾激化到一定程度，就必須通過生產資料社會所有制的形式實現剩餘價值的社會化，從而實現資本主義向社會主義過渡^[2]。

備註

^ Warhurst, Chris; Keep, Ewart; Grugulis, Irena. The Skills That Matter. Palgrave. 2004-02-27: 242–260 (February 27, 2004) [2004]. ISBN 9781403906397. .
^ Capital, Volume 1, by Marx, Karl. From "Chapter 32: Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation": "Self-earned private property, that is based, so to say, on the fusing together of the isolated, independent laboring-individual with the conditions of his labor, is supplanted by capitalistic private property, which rests on exploitation of the nominally free labor of others, i.e., on wage-labor. As soon as this process of transformation has sufficiently decomposed the old society from top to bottom, as soon as the laborers are turned into proletarians, their means of labor into capital, as soon as the capitalist mode of production stands on its own feet, then the further socialization of labor and further transformation of the land and other means of production into socially exploited and, therefore, common means of production, as well as the further expropriation of private proprietors, takes a new form. That which is now to be expropriated is no longer the laborer working for himself, but the capitalist exploiting many laborers."

[1] Warhurst, Chris; Keep, Ewart; Grugulis, Irena. The Skills That Matter. Palgrave. 2004-02-27: 242–260 (February 27, 2004) [2004]. ISBN 9781403906397. .

[2] Capital, Volume 1, by Marx, Karl. From "Chapter 32: Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation": "Self-earned private property, that is based, so to say, on the fusing together of the isolated, independent laboring-individual with the conditions of his labor, is supplanted by capitalistic private property, which rests on exploitation of the nominally free labor of others, i.e., on wage-labor. As soon as this process of transformation has sufficiently decomposed the old society from top to bottom, as soon as the laborers are turned into proletarians, their means of labor into capital, as soon as the capitalist mode of production stands on its own feet, then the further socialization of labor and further transformation of the land and other means of production into socially exploited and, therefore, common means of production, as well as the further expropriation of private proprietors, takes a new form. That which is now to be expropriated is no longer the laborer working for himself, but the capitalist exploiting many laborers."

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