齒股蠅屬
齒股蠅屬（學名：Hydrotaea）是家蠅科之下一個雙翅目昆蟲的屬[2]。雖然幾乎全球都可見到本屬物種的蹤影，但在較溫暖的氣候更常見。在夏季，牠們時常會在糞便上出現，在家畜的排遺附近很常見。本屬已知物種有超過130種，當中最常見的為Hydrotaea aenescens[3]。
齒股蠅屬
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| Female Hydrotaea diabolus | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
| 綱： | 昆蟲綱 Insecta |
| 目： | 雙翅目 Diptera |
| 科： | 家蠅科 Muscidae |
| 亞科： | 點蠅亞科 Azeliinae |
| 族： | 點蠅族 Azeliini |
| 屬： | 齒股蠅屬 Hydrotaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 |
| 模式種 | |
| Musca meteorica | |
| 異名 | |
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如同其他同科的屬，本屬物種無論在經濟方面或公共衛生方面都具有司法科學領域的重要性。無論是在人類醫學或獸醫學這兩方面，本屬物種均被多個權威機構認定為最重要的昆蟲[4]。 已證明部分本屬物種會將某些疾病的病原體攜帶並傳播給溫血動物，包括人類[5]。研究人員繼續監測這些疾病的傳播媒介，因為它們與小母牛的乳房發生的夏季乳房炎（summer mastitis）的傳播有關[6]。
物種 編輯
本屬現時包括約130個物種[3]，當中有超過50個物種有在中國大陸分佈[7]。這50個物種當中的15個物種有在河北省分佈[7]、三個物種有在四川省分佈[8]，另外有五個物種在台灣分佈[9]。下列部分物種[3][9][8]：
- H. acuta Paul Stein (entomologist), 1898
- Hydrotaea aenescens (Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann, 1830)
- 親齒污蠅 Hydrotaea affinis Karl, 1935[9]，鄰齒股蠅
- 類鄰齒股蠅 H. affinoides Ma & Ma, 1997[8]
- Hydrotaea albipuncta (Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt, 1845)
- Hydrotaea armipes (Fallén, 1825) = 隱齒股蠅 Hydrotaea occulta (Meigen, 1826)
- 刺足齒股蠅 Hydrotaea armipes Fallén
- H. anxia (Zetterstedt, 1838)
- 刺足齒股蠅 Hydrotaea armipes (Carl Fredrik Fallén, 1825)
- H. atrisquama Ringdahl, 1925
- H. australis John Russell Malloch, 1923
- H. basdeni James Edward Collin, 1939
- 雙斑齒股蠅 Hydrotaea bimaculata Meigen
- 擬雙斑齒股蠅 Hydrotaea bimaculatoides Wang
- H. borussica Stein, 1899
- 斜齒股蠅 H. calcarata[7]
- 開普齒股蠅 H. capensis (Wiedemann, 1818)：屬於Ophyra亞屬[7]。
- 斑蹠齒股蠅 H. chalcogaster (Wiedemann, 1824)[10]：屬於Ophyra亞屬[7]。
- 櫛足齒股蠅 H. cinerea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830[7]
- H. cristata Malloch, 1918
- 南曲脈齒股蠅 Hydrotaea cyrtoneura Seguy, 1938
- 曲脈齒股蠅 Hydrotaea cyrtoneurina (Zetterstedt, 1845)
- 常齒股蠅 H. dentipes Fabricius, 1805)[7]
- H. depressa Huckett, 1954
- 雙斑齒股蠅 H. diabolus (Harris, 1780)[7]
- 渡口齒股蠅 Hydrotaea dukouensis Ni, 1982
- 隱齒股蠅 H. floccosa Macquart, 1835[7]
- 裸齒股蠅 Hydrotaea glabricula (Fallén, 1825)
- Hydrotaea hennigi Pont, 1986
- H. hirticeps (Fallén, 1824)
- H. hirtipes (Malloch, 1924)
- Hydrotaea houghi Malloch, 1916
- 夏氏齒股蠅 H. hsiai[7]
- 銀眉齒股蠅 H. ignava (Moses Harris, 1780)：屬於Ophyra亞屬[7]。
- H. irritans (Fallén, 1823)
- 雅氏齒股蠅 H. jacobsoni (Stein, 1919)[2][9]，爪哇齒股蠅
- H. lasiophthalma Malloch, 1919
- 長鬃齒股蠅 H. logisteta Ma & Ma, 1997[8] = Hydrotaea longiseta Feng & Feng, 1997
- H. lundbecki (Michelsen, 1978)
- 瑪曲齒股蠅 Hydrotaea maquensis Wu, 1990
- H. meridionalis Porschinskiy, 1882
- 速躍齒股蠅 H. meteorica Linnaeus, 1758)[7]
- 斑翅齒股蠅 Hydrotaea militaris (Johann Wilhelm Meigen, 1826)
- 擬毛足齒股蠅 Hydrotaea mimopilipes Ma & Zhao , 1992
- 單鬃齒股蠅 H. monochaeta Ma & Wu, 1986[11]
- 多鬃齒股蠅 Hydrotaea multichaeta Wu, 1990
- H. nidicola Malloch, 1925
- 裸刺齒股蠅 Hydrotaea nudispinosa Ma,sp.n
- 暗額齒股蠅 H. obscurifrons (Sabrosky, 1949)：屬於Ophyra亞屬[7]。
- 鈍鬃齒股蠅 Hydrotaea obtusiseta Feng & Feng, 1997
- 鈍齒股蠅 H. obtusisteta Ma & Ma, 1997[8]
- 隱齒股蠅 H. occulata (Meigen, 1826)[2][9]
- 角逐齒股蠅 H. palaestrica (Meigen, 1826)[7]
- H. pallicornis Pont, 1973
- 曲股齒股蠅 Hydrotaea pandellei Stein, 1899
- 豹股齒股蠅 Hydrotaea pardifemorata Xue, Zhang & Liu, 1994
- 小齒股蠅 H. parva Meade, 1889[7]
- H. pellucens Porchinskiy, 1879
- H. penicillata (Camillo Róndani, 1866)
- 毛足齒股蠅 Hydrotaea pilipes Stein, 1903
- 長毛齒股蠅 Hydrotaea pilitibia Stein, 1916，毛脛齒股蠅
- 單毛齒股蠅 Hydrotaea ringdahli Stein, 1916
- H. rostrata Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- 曲脛齒股蠅 Hydrotaea scambus (Zetterstedt, 1838)[7] = Hydrotaea seambus Zetterstedt
- 擬常齒股蠅 Hydrotaea similis Meade, 1887
- 林齒股蠅 Hydrotaea silva Hsue
- 刺腿齒股蠅 Hydrotaea spinefemora Shinonaga & Kano, 1971[2][9]
- H. spinifemorata Huckett, 1954
- 刺頰齒股蠅 Hydrotaea spinigena Xue & Li, 1995
- 厚環齒股蠅， 也稱具刺齒股蠅， Hydrotaea spinigera Stein, 1910：屬於Ophyra亞屬[7]。
- 刺齒股蠅 Hydrotaea spinosa Stein
- 多刺齒股蠅 Hydrotaea spinosus Ye & Ma, 1992
- 臺灣齒股蠅 Hydrotaea taiwanensis Shinonaga & Kano, 1987[2][9]
- H. tersa (Wiedemann, 1830)
- 虎股齒股蠅 Hydrotaea tigrifemorata Xue, Zhang & Liu, 1994
- H. tuberculata Róndani, 1866
- 單刺齒股蠅 Hydrotaea unispinosa Stein, 1898
- 黑胸齒股繩 H. velutina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830[11]
- 新疆齒股蠅 Hydrotaea xinjiangensis Ni, 1982
- 昭盟齒股蠅 Hydrotaea zhaomenga Xue , 1994
描述 編輯
幼體e of this genus are often 多態性 (生物學) obligate 肉食動物s. The second and third instars are predators, and the first is also carnivorous in some species. Some species have 同類相食 final instars. The smallest larvae are under 6 mm[12] and the largest are up to 16 mm.[13] The abdomen has ventral welts and large 氣門s with Sinuosity slits.[3]
Adults commonly feed on the 血液 of 哺乳動物s. They are able to reopen wounds that are almost completely healed. Mouthpart 形態學 (生物學) in the genus ranges from sponging mouthparts to mouths with rasping teeth. Many species have enlarged prestomal teeth. The metathorax spiracle is covered in long, thick setae.[13] The average male Hydrotaea is 6.5-8.5 mm and the average female is 5.75-7.5 mm. They are very light brown to bluish black with large, red eyes and plumose 觸角.
分佈及棲息地 編輯
本屬物種大多數分佈在北半球[7]古北界的歐洲、亞洲和北美洲比較和暖的地區[3]，在非洲南部、南美洲和澳洲區亦有少數種分佈[7][3]。這些齒股蠅通常都在市區環境棲息，會被發酵了的東西吸引，常見於植物、糞便及分解中的腐肉，主要是死去超過十日的屍體[3]。
生命周期 編輯
The 生物生命週期 of Hydrotaea rostrata has been studied in the field of 法醫昆蟲學. Mature flies seek out decay, preferably in material that has been dead for an extended amount of time. Masses of 蛆s, which are often characteristic of other species of flies, are not typical of H. rostrata. The larvae of this species progress through three stages, or instars, which are then followed by the formation of a 蛹. The adult fly emerges from the pupa. The developmental process from egg to adult takes between 518.4 and 1555.6 hours, according to one study in Australia. Development is more rapid in warmer temperatures of 19—30 °C（66—86 °F）. In cooler temperatures of 12—18 °C（54—64 °F）, development may take up to 64.5 days.[14]
The larvae of another species, the black dump fly (H. aenescens), inhabit fecal material and consume other larvae, including those of 家蠅, the housefly.[15][16] The black dump fly is commercially available for use in housefly control.[15] It is also useful in forensics, as it may inhabit 屍體.[17]
Some larvae are able to seek shelter underground in cold conditions.[5]
Associated pathogens 編輯
Research has incriminated Hydrotaea irritans as a vector of summer mastitis, a 牛亞科 infection that can be caused by multiple suspected 細菌.[6] The research allowed flies inoculated with select bacteria from a sample representing summer mastitis to come in contact with the udders of 家牛. The bacteria appeared in some of the cows and on the bodies of just over a third of the doctored flies. The evidence indicates that H. irritans transmits the bacterial species 金黃色葡萄球菌, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Peptostreptococcus indolicus, and Fusobacterium necrophorum.[6]
H. irritans attacks many other warm-blooded animals, including humans.[5]
H. aenescens also carries bacteria, particularly Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica.[18]
司法科學的重要性 編輯
本屬物種在世界各地司法科學個案方面有其重要性，因為這些物種的存在及數量顯示了屍體現象（post-mortem interval，PMI）發生的時間[17]。這些物種會在屍體開始分解作用之後四至五個月棲息於屍體之內[12]。牠們顯示了屍體未有被火化，而且在較早期被麗蠅所棲息的期間已完結[19]。 Hydrotaea larvae may feed on each other and on other flies, such as blow-flies.[12]
Hydrotaea can be used to identify 藥物s and to determining whether a body was relocated. Hydrotaea spinigera can make up 70% of the muscid fly population on a corpse in forested habitat.[20] Hydrotaea rostrata may arrive at a decomposing body on the second day of decay, and may stay up to 34 days or until the body is 骨骼系統ized.[21]
參考文獻 編輯
- ^ Coquillett, D. W. Types of anthomyid genera.. Journal of the New York Entomological Society (PDF) (New York: The New York Entomological Society). 1901, 9: 134–146 （英語）.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Hydrotaea 齒股蠅屬. 台灣生物多樣性資訊入口網. [2018-11-19]. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-20） （中文（繁體））.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Skidmore, P. The Biology of Muscidae of the World. Springer. 1985: 117–146 [2023-10-28]. ISBN 978-90-6193-139-3. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-03） （英語）.
- ^ Bay, D. E.; Harris, R. L. Introduction to Veterinary Entomology (A Guide to Livestock Insects). Bryan, TX（美國）: Stonefly Publishing. 1988: 54. ISBN 0-9624083-0-1 （英語）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Loeschcke, V.; et al. Genetic evidence for population expansion in Hydrotaea irritans (Fallen) (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics & Evolutionary Research. 2004, 42 (3): 257–261. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2004.00260.x.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Chirico, J.; et al. Summer mastitis experimentally induced by Hydrotaea irritans exposed to bacteria. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 1997, 11 (2): 187–192. PMID 9226651. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00312.x.
- ^ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 師鑒; 趙勇; 王蘇梅; 張國立; 常梅; 劉繼敏; 曹秀芬; 趙寶剛. 河北省齒股蠅屬區系分析(雙翅目:環裂亞目). 《中國媒介生物學及控制雜誌》. 2006年, 17 (4期) [2018-11-20]. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1003-4692.2006.04.021. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-20） （中文（簡體））.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 馮炎; 馮禮福. 中国齿股蝇属三新种（双翅目：蝇科）. 《昆蟲分類學報》. 1997, 19: 35–39 [2018-11-20]. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-20） （中文（簡體））.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 物種圖鑑：Hydrotaea 齒股蠅屬. 臺灣生命大百科. [2018-11-20]. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-20） （中文（繁體））.
- ^ 馮炎. 四川西部蝇类物候的研究. 生態學雜誌. 1996, 15 (6): 26 [2019-06-10]. （原始內容存檔於2019-06-10） （中文（簡體））.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 馬忠余; 武經緯. 甘肃齿股蝇属一新种(双翅目:蝇科). 《動物分類學報》. 1986年, 11 (4) [2018-11-20]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-07） （中文（簡體））.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Brundage, A. Muscidae and Other Families. Texas A&M University Forensic Entomology Lecture: Texas A&M University. March 2, 2009.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Sukontason, K. L.; et al. Ultrastructure of spiracles of Musca domestica and Hydrotaea chalcogaster (Diptera: Muscidae). Parasitol Res (Springer-Verlag 2006). 20 April 2006, 100 (1): 19–23. PMID 16763837. doi:10.1007/s00436-006-0221-0.
- ^ Dadour, I. R.; D. F. Cook; N. Wirth. Rate of development of Hydrotaea rostrata under summer and winter (cyclic and constant) temperature regimes. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2001, 15 (2): 177–182. PMID 11434551. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2915.2001.00291.x.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Hogsette, J. A.; R. D. Jacobs. Failure of Hydrotaea aenescens, a larval predator of the housefly, Musca domestica, to establish in wet poultry manure on a commercial farm in Florida, U.S.A.. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 1999, 13 (4): 349–354. PMID 10608222. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2915.1999.00173.x.
- ^ Tomberlin, J. K.; Schuster, G. L. Suppression of arthropod pests on small flocks of domestic fowl in Texas. [2009-03-15]. （原始內容存檔於2010-05-16）.
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Byrd, J. H.; J. L. Castner. Forensic Entomology: The Utility Of Arthropods in Forensic Investigations. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2000: 54. ISBN 0-8493-8120-7.
- ^ Olsen, A.; T. S. Hammack. Isolation of Salmonella spp. from the housefly, Musca domestica L., and the dump fly, Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Muscidae), at caged-layer houses. Journal of Food Protection. 2000, 63 (7): 958–960. PMID 10914668.
- ^ Kabkaew, S.; et al. Forensic entomology case of two burned corpses in Thailand. Entomological Odyssey. 2001, D: 217 （英語）.
- ^ Sukontason, K.; et al. Forensic entomology cases in Thailand: a review of cases from 2000 to 2006. Parasitology Research (Springer Berlin/Heidelberg). October 2007, 101 (5): 1417–1423. ISSN 0932-0113. PMID 17647017. doi:10.1007/s00436-007-0659-8.
- ^ Voss, S. C.; Forbes, S. L.; Dadour, I. R. Decomposition and insect succession on cadavers inside a vehicle environment. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology (Humana Press Inc.). March 2008, 4 (1): 22–23. ISSN 1547-769X. PMID 19291466. doi:10.1007/s12024-007-0028-z.