拜占庭歷是一套拜占庭(東羅馬)帝國東正教會歷史上使用過的曆法,歷史上被稱作「自創世以來的羅馬年(古希臘語Ἔτη Γενέσεως Κόσμου κατὰ Ῥωμαίους[1]」或「創世年(古希臘語:Ἔτος Κτίσεως Κόσμου)」或「世界年(古希臘語:Ἔτος Κόσμου)」。東正教普世牧首轄區於約公元691年至1728年[2],拜占庭帝國官方於988年-1453年,羅斯諸國於約988年-約1700年使用這套曆法,其他受拜占庭影響較大的國家,如塞爾維亞保加利亞歷史上也曾使用這種曆法。

這套曆法與儒略曆基本相同,主要區別有兩點,一是以每年9月1日為新年第一天,紀年法則採用世界紀元,即以上帝創世的第一天為紀年之始。拜占庭宗教界以《舊約聖經七十士譯本中的記載為基礎推算的上帝創世之年相當於公元前5509年,拜占庭歷的第一年為前5509年9月1日-前5508年8月31日。

來源

編輯
  1. ^ Pavel Kuzenkov. "How Old is The World?: The Byzantine Era and its Rivals". Institute for World History, Moscow, Russia. In: Elizabeth Jeffreys, Fiona K. Haarer, Judith Gilliland. Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies: London, 21–26 August 2006: Vol. 3, Abstracts of Communications. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006. pp. 23–24.
  2. ^ (希臘語) "Οικουμενικόν Πατριαρχείον", ΘΗΕ, τόμ. 09, εκδ. Μαρτίνος Αθ., Αθήνα 1966, στ. 778.
    (英語) "Ecumenical Patriarchate". Religious and Ethical Encyclopedia. Vol. 9., Athens, 1966. p. 778.

外部鏈接

編輯

Hebrew calendar

更多閱讀

編輯

一手來源

編輯
  • Doukas英語Doukas. Decline and Fall of Byzantium To The Ottoman Turks. An Annotated Translation by Harry J. Magoulias. Wayne State University Press, 1975.
  • George Syncellus英語George Syncellus. The Chronography of George Synkellos: a Byzantine Chronicle of Universal History from the Creation. Transl. Prof. Dr. William Adler & Paul Tuffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • 阿伯拉罕·伊本·埃茲拉, Abraham ben Meïr, (1092–1167). Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Genesis (Bereshit). (Vol.1 – Genesis). Transl. and annotated by H. Norman Strickman & Arthur M. Silver. Menorah Pub. Co., New York, N.Y., 1988.
  • 塞克斯圖斯·尤利烏斯·阿非利加努斯. Extant Writings III. The Extant Fragments of the Five Books of the Chronography of Julius Africanus.
  • 尼基塔斯·霍尼亞提斯. O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates. Transl. by Harry J. Magoulias. Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1984.
  • 老普林尼. 博物志 (老普林尼), XVIII, 210.
  • St. 該撒利亞的巴西流. Hexæmeron頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, 2nd Series (NPNF2). Transl. Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D. (1819–1893): Volume VIII – Basil: Letters and Select Works. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan.
  • St. 普瓦捷的依拉略. On the Trinity. Book IV.
  • The Rudder (Pedalion): Comp. Hieromonk Agapius and monk Nicodemus the Hagiorite英語Nicodemus the Hagiorite. First printed and published 1800. Trans. D. Cummings, [from the 5th edition published by John Nicolaides (Kesisoglou the Caesarian) in Athens, Greece in 1908], Chicago: The Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1957. Repr., New York, N.Y.: Luna Printing Co., 1983.
  • 宣信者狄奧法內斯. The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813. Cyril Mango, Roger Scott, Geoffrey Greatrex (Eds.). Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • 安條克的狄奧菲魯斯. Theophilus of Antioch to Autolycus. Book III. Chap XXIV (Chronology from Adam) – Chap. XXVIII (Leading Chronological Epochs).

二手來源

編輯

21世紀

20世紀

  • Barry Setterfield. Ancient Chronology in Scripture頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館. September 1999.
  •   Chisholm, Hugh (編). Chronology. Encyclopædia Britannica 6 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press: 305–318. 1911. 
  • Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder. "Biblical Chronology in the Hellenistic World Chronicles". in The Harvard Theological Review, Vol.61, No.3 (Jul., 1968), pp. 451–481.
  • Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder. Essays on Jewish Chronology and Chronography. Ktav Pub. House, 1976.
  • Dr. Floyd Nolan Jones. Chronology of the Old Testament. Master Books, Arizona, 1993. Repr. 2005. (supports Ussher's chronology, i.e. 4004 BC).
  • E.G. Richards. Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History. Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Elias J. Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 2nd edition. Cornell University Press. 1980.
  • Fr. Stanley S. Harakas. The Orthodox Church: 455 Questions and Answers. Light & Life Publishing, Minneapolis, 1988.
  • George Ogg. "Hippolytus and the Introduction of the Christian Era". in Vigiliae Christianae, Vol.16, No.1 (Mar., 1962), pp. 2–18.
  • Howlett, J. "Biblical Chronology頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)". In The Catholic Encyclopedia (New Advent). New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908.
  • Jack Finegan. Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible. Hendrickson Publishers, 1998.
  • Prof. Dr. William Adler. Time Immemorial: Archaic History and its Sources in Christian Chronography from Julius Africanus to George Syncellus. Washington, D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1989.
  • K.A. Worp. Chronological Observations on Later Byzantine Documents. 1985. University of Amsterdam.
  • Foss, Clive. "Three Apparent Early Examples of the Era of Creation". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 31 (1978), pp. 241–246.
  • Roger S. Bagnall, K. A. Worp. The Chronological Systems of Byzantine Egypt. Zutphen, 1978.
  • V. Grumel. La Chronologie. Presses Universitaires France, Paris. 1958.
  • Rev. Philip Schaff (1819–1893), Ed. "Era." Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge New Edition, 13 Vols., 1908–14. Vol. 4, pp. 163頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館).
  • Van der Essen, L. "Chronicon Paschale頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)". In The Catholic Encyclopedia (New Advent). New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908.
  • Yiannis E. Meimaris. Chronological Systems in Roman-Byzantine Palestine and Arabia. Athens, 1992.

19世紀以及更早