維基百科

細菌小RNA

細菌小RNA（Bacterial small RNA，簡稱sRNA）泛指細菌中長50至500nt的非編碼RNA，通常具有許多莖環等結構[1][2]，在大腸桿菌[3][4]、沙門氏菌[5]、金黃色葡萄球菌[6]、黃單胞菌[7]、根瘤菌[8]與藍綠菌[9]等常見細菌中均有發現。最早發現的細菌小RNA為1984年在大腸桿菌中發現的MicF RNA[10]，可抑制外膜蛋白ompF之mRNA的轉譯，並使其mRNA被降解[11]，不久後又在金黃色葡萄球菌發現了另一種小RNARNAIII（英語：RNAIII），可影響其毒素的合成與釋放[10]。目前已有超過6000種細菌小RNA經RNA測序等技術被發現[12]。

細菌小RNA可與其他RNA或蛋白質結合以影響其功能

小RNA可與細菌的其他RNA或蛋白質結合，影響基因表現，調控代謝、感染、對環境反應與細胞結構等[5][6]，與蛋白質結合後可調控其功能，例如6S RNA（英語：6S RNA）可與RNA聚合酶結合以調控轉錄、tmRNA與轉錄停滯的核糖體結合以啟動反式轉譯、4.5S RNA（信號識別顆粒RNA）組成信號識別顆粒以調控蛋白質的釋放[13][14]。許多mRNA結合後可能藉由阻擋或開啟核糖體結合位點而影響其轉譯[15]，還有些小RNA為順式作用元件，是由編碼mRNA基因的另一股DNA轉錄產生，因此序列和該基因mRNA互補，可抑制其表現[16]。

許多小RNA在細菌面臨低溫、缺鐵、缺氮、缺乏養分或DNA受損等壓力時會大量表現[14]，可能與細菌的抗逆境反應有關[17]，例如藍綠菌在缺氮時會表現NsiR1、NsiR8、NsiR9等小RNA[18]，可促進細胞分化成可固氮的異形細胞（英語：heterocyst）[19]；另外許多小RNA和細菌的致病能力有關，如金黃色葡萄球菌的RNAIII影響其毒素代謝，大腸桿菌的小RNA DsrA可促進外排泵（英語：efflux pump）的表現而增加其對抗生素的抗性[20]；有些小RNA還可影響細菌之間的交互作用，例如弧菌的小RNA（Qrr sRNA）可調控群體感應[21][22]，綠膿桿菌的小RNA SbrA為其形成生物薄膜所需[23] 。

參考文獻

編輯
  1. ^ Vogel J, Wagner EG. Target identification of small noncoding RNAs in bacteria. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2007, 10 (3): 262–270. PMID 17574901. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2007.06.001. 
  2. ^ Viegas SC, Arraiano CM. Regulating the regulators: How ribonucleases dictate the rules in the control of small non-coding RNAs. RNA Biol. 2008, 5 (4): 230–243. PMID 18981732. doi:10.4161/rna.6915. 
  3. ^ Hershberg R, Altuvia S, Margalit H. A survey of small RNA-encoding genes in Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res. April 2003, 31 (7): 1813–1820. PMC 152812  . PMID 12654996. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg297. 
  4. ^ Rivas E, Klein RJ, Jones TA, Eddy SR. Computational identification of noncoding RNAs in E. coli by comparative genomics. Curr. Biol. September 2001, 11 (17): 1369–1373. PMID 11553332. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00401-8. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Vogel J. A rough guide to the non-coding RNA world of Salmonella. Mol. Microbiol. January 2009, 71 (1): 1–11. PMID 19007416. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06505.x. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Felden, Brice; Vandenesch, François; Bouloc, Philippe; Romby, Pascale. The Staphylococcus aureus RNome and Its Commitment to Virulence. PLoS Pathogens. 2011-03-10, 7 (3): e1002006. ISSN 1553-7366. PMC 3053349  . PMID 21423670. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002006. 
  7. ^ Liang H, Zhao YT, Zhang JQ, Wang XJ, Fang RX, Jia YT. Identification and functional characterization of small non-coding RNAs in Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae. BMC Genomics. 2011, 12: 87. PMC 3039613  . PMID 21276262. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-87. 
  8. ^ Schlüter JP, Reinkensmeier J, Daschkey S, et al. A genome-wide survey of sRNAs in the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing alpha-proteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. BMC Genomics. 2010, 11: 245. PMC 2873474  . PMID 20398411. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-11-245. 
  9. ^ Axmann IM, Kensche P, Vogel J, Kohl S, Herzel H, Hess WR. Identification of cyanobacterial non-coding RNAs by comparative genome analysis. Genome Biol. 2005, 6 (9): R73. PMC 1242208  . PMID 16168080. doi:10.1186/gb-2005-6-9-r73. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Svensson, Sarah L.; Sharma, Cynthia M. Small RNAs in Bacterial Virulence and Communication. Microbiology Spectrum. 2016, 4 (3): 169–212. ISSN 2165-0497. PMID 27337442. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0028-2015. 
  11. ^ Delihas N, Forst S. MicF: an antisense RNA gene involved in response of Escherichia coli to global stress factors. Journal of Molecular Biology. 2001, 313 (1): 1–12. PMID 11601842. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2001.5029. 
  12. ^ Li, L; Kwan, HS. BSRD: a repository for bacterial small regulatory RNA.. Nucleic Acids Research. January 2013, 41 (Database issue): D233–8. PMC 3531160  . PMID 23203879. doi:10.1093/nar/gks1264. 
  13. ^ Wassarman KM. 6S RNA: a small RNA regulator of transcription. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. April 2007, 10 (2): 164–168. PMID 17383220. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2007.03.008. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Christian Hammann; Nellen, Wolfgang. Small RNAs:: Analysis and Regulatory Functions (Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology). Berlin: Springer. 2005. ISBN 978-3-540-28129-0. 
  15. ^ Waters, Lauren S.; Storz, Gisela. Regulatory RNAs in bacteria. Cell. 2009-02-20, 136 (4): 615–628. ISSN 1097-4172. PMC 3132550  . PMID 19239884. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.043. 
  16. ^ Guillet, Julien; Hallier, Marc; Felden, Brice. Emerging functions for the Staphylococcus aureus RNome. PLoS Pathogens. 2013, 9 (12): e1003767. ISSN 1553-7374. PMC 3861533  . PMID 24348246. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003767. 
  17. ^ Caswell CC, Oglesby-Sherrouse AG, Murphy ER. Sibling rivalry: related bacterial small RNAs and their redundant and non-redundant roles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. October 2014, 4: 151. PMC 4211561  . PMID 25389522. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2014.00151. 
  18. ^ Ionescu, D; Voss, B; Oren, A; Hess, WR; Muro-Pastor, AM. Heterocyst-specific transcription of NsiR1, a non-coding RNA encoded in a tandem array of direct repeats in cyanobacteria.. Journal of Molecular Biology. 2010, 398 (2): 177–188. PMID 20227418. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.03.010. hdl:10261/112252. 
  19. ^ Brenes-Álvarez, Manuel; Olmedo-Verd, Elvira; Vioque, Agustín; Muro-Pastor, Alicia M. Identification of Conserved and Potentially Regulatory Small RNAs in Heterocystous Cyanobacteria. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2016-01-01, 7: 48. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 4734099  . PMID 26870012. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00048. 
  20. ^ Dersch, Petra; Khan, Muna A.; Mühlen, Sabrina; Görke, Boris. Roles of Regulatory RNAs for Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria and Their Potential Value as Novel Drug Targets. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2017, 8: 803. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 5418344  . PMID 28529506. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00803. 
  21. ^ Lenz DH, Mok KC, Lilley BN, Kulkarni RV, Wingreen NS, Bassler BL. The small RNA chaperone Hfq and multiple small RNAs control quorum sensing in Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio cholerae. Cell. 2004, 118 (1): 69–82. PMID 15242645. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.06.009. 
  22. ^ Bardill JP, Zhao X, Hammer BK. The Vibrio cholerae quorum sensing response is mediated by Hfq-dependent sRNA/mRNA base-pairing interactions. Mol Microbiol. April 2011, 80 (5): 1381–1394. PMID 21453446. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07655.x. 
  23. ^ Taylor, Patrick K.; Van Kessel, Antonius T. M.; Colavita, Antonio; Hancock, Robert E. W.; Mah, Thien-Fah. A novel small RNA is important for biofilm formation and pathogenicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLOS One. 2017, 12 (8): e0182582. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5542712  . PMID 28771593. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182582. 

外部連結

編輯
  1. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為:4的參考文獻提供內容
  2. ^ Sassi, Mohamed; Augagneur, Yoann; Mauro, Tony; Ivain, Lorraine; Chabelskaya, Svetlana; Hallier, Marc; Sallou, Olivier; Felden, Brice. SRD: a Staphylococcus regulatory RNA database. RNA. May 2015, 21 (5): 1005–1017. ISSN 1469-9001. PMC 4408781  . PMID 25805861. doi:10.1261/rna.049346.114. 
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