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意大利陆军
Esercito Italiano
意大利陆军军徽，下缘书有其格言“维护共和国是最高法则”
国家或地区 意大利
种类陆军
功能地面战
规模97,755人（2018年）[1]
直属意大利武装部队
驻军／总部罗马
格言拉丁语：Salvs Rei Publicae Suprema Lex Esto
"维护共和国是最高法则"
进行曲五四进行曲 (4 Maggio)，弗维奥·克鲁斯（Fulvio Creux）作曲
参与战役意大利统一
普奥战争
1887义衣战争（英语：Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889）
马赫迪战争
第一次义衣战争
八国联军之役
义土战争
第一次世界大战
第二次义衣战争
西班牙内战
入侵阿尔巴尼亚
第二次世界大战
波斯湾战争
科索沃战争
1999年东帝汶危机
反恐战争
纪念日11月4日，民族团结与国军日
5月4日，建军节
嘉奖3枚意大利军事勋章（英语：Military Order of Italy）骑士十字勋章
1枚军事英勇金质奖章（英语：Gold Medal of Military Valor）
2枚公民英勇金质奖章
1枚公民英勇银质奖章
1枚1枚公民功绩银质奖章
指挥官
意大利总统塞尔焦·马达雷拉
陆军参谋长（总司令）（英语：Chief of Staff of the Italian Army）
陆军中将（负特殊职责）
卡米内·马谢洛（英语：en:Carmine Masiello）
著名指挥官朱塞佩·加里波底
路易吉·卡多尔纳
阿尔曼多·迪亚兹
伊曼纽尔·菲利贝托
恩里科·卡维利亚
佩特罗·巴多格里奥
乔瓦尼·梅塞
标识
标志
文字标志
意大利陆军的标枪装步战车在特拉乌达角进行演习

意大利陆军（意大利语：Esercito Italiano，缩写EI）是意大利武装部队的地面部队。其历史可以追溯到1850年代和1860年代意大利统一时期。1914年之前，陆军参与或发起了在中国、利比亚的战争，第一次世界大战爆发后，在意大利北部对抗奥匈帝国。第二次世界大战前曾经发动在东非埃塞俄比亚的殖民战争，以及介入西班牙内战。第二次世界大战期间，陆军发起或参与了在阿尔巴尼亚、巴尔干半岛、北非、苏联和最后在意大利本土的战争。冷战期间，陆军积极准备防御华沙公约组织从东方可能的入侵。冷战结束后，陆军在阿富汗和伊拉克进行了广泛的维和支援和战斗。其最著名的战车是标枪装步战车、“半人马座”反战车自走炮和公羊主力战车，以及最近部署在联合国任务中的“野马”攻击直升机。陆军总部（意大利语：Palazzo Esercito）位于罗马奎里纳莱宫（意大利总统官邸）对面，自2004年8月武装部队暂停征兵（意大利语：Legge Martino）以来，意大利陆军就是一支由全志愿役人员组成的部队。

历史沿革 编辑

 
陆军宫（意大利语：Palazzo Esercito），意大利陆军总部暨国防部参谋本部所在地，1876年落成

意大利陆军起源于意大利皇家陆军（Regio Esercito，RE），其历史可以追溯到夺取教皇国领土和意大利统一后意大利王国成立宣言（英语：Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy）的公告。1861年3月17日，在朱塞佩·加里波底的领导下，萨丁尼亚王国萨伏依王朝的维克多·伊曼纽尔二世受议会邀继承王位并建立了新王国—意大利王国。同年5月4日，原萨丁尼亚王国皇家军队（英语：Royal Sardinian Army）和两西西里王国的两西西里军团（英语：兩西西里軍團）合并，并改称“意大利皇家陆军”。从此以后5月4日成为意大利的建军节迄今。

意大利皇家陆军在1900年八国联军之役期间派遣了远征军前往中国，在1911年至1912年的义土战争期间也派遣了远征军，并在海军支援下跨越地中海攻占奥斯曼的黎波里塔尼亚及爱琴海的佐泽卡尼索斯群岛，使意大利获得了义属利比亚（今利比亚）和义属爱琴海群岛（今希腊南爱琴大区东部）。

第一次世界大战 编辑

详细可参考意大利战线 (第一次世界大战)和一次大战意大利军事史（英语：Military history of Italy during World War I）

另请参阅：意大利战役（第一次世界大战）和第一次世界大战期间意大利的军事史 意大利皇家陆军第一次真正体验现代战争是在第一次世界大战期间。大部分行动都在意大利北部进行，皇家军队伤亡惨重。其中包括超过 70 万人死亡。特别是1915年5月至1917年8月期间意大利士兵参加的进攻频率为每三个月一次，高于西线军队的要求。意大利的纪律也更加严厉，对违规行为的惩罚之严厉程度是德国、法国和英国军队所不知道的。[2]

在两次世界大战期间，皇家陆军参与了意大利对埃塞俄比亚的入侵，在西班牙内战期间为志愿军（Corpo Truppe Volontarie）提供了人员和物资，并发起了意大利对阿尔巴尼亚的入侵。

The Italian Royal Army's first real taste of modern warfare was during World War I. Most of the actions were fought in northern Italy, and the Royal Army suffered many casualties. This included over 700,000 dead. In particular, the frequency of the offensives in which Italian soldiers participated between May 1915 and August 1917, one every three months, was higher than demanded by the armies on the Western Front. Italian discipline was also harsher, with punishments for infractions of duty of a severity not known in the German, French, and British armies.[2]

During the Interwar Years the Royal Army participated in the Italian Invasion of Ethiopia, provided men and materials during the Spanish Civil War to fight in the Corps of Volunteer Troops (Corpo Truppe Volontarie), and launched the Italian invasion of Albania.

第二次世界大战 编辑

参见：Military history of Italy during World War II和Royal Italian Army during World War II

从名义上看，英国皇家陆军是二战中最大的地面部队之一，也是使用伞兵的先驱之一。事实上，它无法提供所声称的数字。由于其规模普遍较小，许多意大利师都得到了由两个黑衫军营（MVSN ）组成的突击大队（ Gruppo d'Assalto ）的增援。

关于意大利在第二次世界大战中的军事实力的报道几乎总是不屑一顾。这种看法是意大利对埃及灾难性攻击以及希腊-意大利战争中军队表现的结果。这两次运动都准备不足且执行不充分。意大利第10集团军 最初挺进埃及，但在三个月的指南针行动中被推回利比亚中部后几乎全部被英国军队摧毁，其规模只有其五分之一。

意大利军队的装备主要可以追溯到第一次世界大战，并且达不到盟军或德国军队的标准，这加剧了军事领导层的无能。[3]例如，意大利“中型”M11、M13、M14和M15坦克与武装相对较重的美国谢尔曼坦克相比，处于明显劣势。更关键的是，意大利缺乏适量的各类装备，意大利最高指挥部没有采取必要的措施来规划可能的战场挫折或为其野战军提供适当的后勤支援。[4]防空武器太少，反战车炮陈旧，卡车太少。

意大利远征军在俄罗斯作战，在乔瓦尼·梅塞 (Giovanni Messe)将军的指挥下作战，他承认自己的军团在物资和装备方面存在局限性，因此于1942 年11 月1 日被解除指挥权。1942 年12 月12 日，苏联进攻土星行动时，意大利远征军第8集团军很快被歼灭。只有大约三分之一的部队成功逃离了苏联的大锅，其中包括来自三个阿尔皮尼师的特里登蒂纳、朱莉娅和库尼恩斯。

在北非，意大利第132装甲师阿里埃特和第185空降师福尔戈尔在第二次阿拉曼战役中奋力全歼。尽管这场战斗失败了，但意大利士兵在东非克伦战役中的坚决抵抗至今仍被意大利军方所纪念。

轴心国在突尼斯失败后，意大利军队的士气下降。1943 年 7 月 10 日，盟军登陆西西里岛后，大多数意大利沿海师就解散了。士气低落导致15天后 意大利独裁者贝尼托·墨索里尼被意大利国王维克多·伊曼纽三世推翻。

1943 年 9 月，意大利与盟军停战，分裂为北部的意大利社会共和国（实际上是德国的傀儡国家）和南部的巴多格里奥政府。意大利联合交战军（Esercito Cobelligerante Italiano）是1943年9月盟军与意大利停战后，在意大利南部与盟军并肩作战的意大利保皇党军队。在这支军队中作战的意大利士兵不再为意大利而战。贝尼托·墨索里尼，因为他们效忠的是国王维克托·伊曼纽尔和意大利元帅（Maresciallo d'Italia）彼得罗·巴多格里奥，他们是驱逐墨索里尼的人。

On paper, the Royal Army was one of the largest ground forces in World War II, and it was one of the pioneers in using paratroopers. In reality, it could not field the numbers claimed. Due to their generally smaller size, many Italian divisions were reinforced by an Assault Group (Gruppo d'Assalto) of two battalions of Blackshirts (MVSN).

Reports of Italian military prowess in the Second World War were almost always dismissive. This perception was the result of disastrous Italian offensives against Egypt and the performance of the army in the Greco-Italian War. Both campaigns were ill-prepared and executed inadequately. The Italian 10th Army initially advanced into Egypt but surrendered after being pushed back into central Libya and almost all destroyed by British forces a fifth its size during the three-month Operation Compass.

The incompetent military leadership was aggravated by the Italian military's equipment, which predominantly dated back to the First World War and was not up to the standard of either the Allied or the German armies.[3] Italian 'medium' M11, M13, M14 and M15 tanks were at a marked disadvantage against the comparatively heavily armed American Sherman tanks, for example. More crucially, Italy lacked suitable quantities of equipment of all kinds, and the Italian high command did not take the necessary steps to plan for possible battlefield setbacks or proper logistical support to its field armies.[4] There were too few anti-aircraft weapons, obsolete anti-tank guns, and too few trucks.

The Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia fought under General Giovanni Messe, who acknowledged the limitations of his Corps in material and equipment and thus was relieved of his command on November 1, 1942. When the Soviet offensive Operation Saturn began on December 12, 1942 the Italian 8th Army was quickly crushed. Only about a third of its troops managed to escape the Soviet cauldron, including from the three Alpini Divisions Tridentina, Julia and Cuneense.

In North Africa, the Italian 132 Armored Division Ariete and the 185 Airborne Division Folgore fought to total annihilation at the Second Battle of El Alamein. Although the battle was lost, the determined resistance of the Italian soldiers at the Battle of Keren in East Africa is still commemorated today by the Italian military.

After the Axis defeat in Tunisia, the morale of the Italian troops dropped. Once the Allies landed in Sicily on July 10, 1943, most Italian Coastal divisions simply dissolved. The sagging morale led to the overthrow of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini by King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy 15 days later.

In September 1943, Italy made an armistice with the Allies and split into the Italian Social Republic – effectively a puppet state of Germany – in the north and that of the Badoglio government in the south. The Italian Co-Belligerent Army (Esercito Cobelligerante Italiano) was the army of the Italian royalist forces fighting on the side of the Allies in southern Italy after the Allied armistice with Italy in September 1943. The Italian soldiers fighting in this army no longer fought for Benito Mussolini as their allegiance was to King Victor Emmanuel and to Marshal of Italy (Maresciallo d'Italia) Pietro Badoglio, the men who ousted Mussolini.

冷战 编辑

1946年6月18日，根据国民的全体公民投票结果，意大利王国解体，意大利共和国成立。因此皇家陆军更名为意大利陆军（Esercito Italiano，EI）。最初，陆军只拥有5个步兵师，这些步兵师是由之前意大利联合交战陆军的5个战斗群组成，并配备了英国装备，全部都驻留在意大利北部。此外，陆军还有3个没有重型装备的内部安全师，仍延续战争末期的布局驻守在西西里岛及萨丁尼亚岛2个主要岛屿：

由于的里雅斯特自由城的地位受到南斯拉夫的威胁，意大利陆军于1947年将“闪电”步兵师调往特雷维索，将“曼托瓦”步兵师调往戈里齐亚。除此之外，在1948—1953年间，陆军也开始建立及整训另外7个师和5个阿尔皮尼（英语：Alpini）旅（山地兵部队）：

  • “奥斯塔”步兵师，驻墨西拿（1948年2月1日自原内部安全师改编成军）
  • “萨丁尼亚掷弹兵”步兵师，驻奇维塔韦基亚（1948年4月1日成军）
  • “阿维里诺”步兵师，驻萨莱诺（减员师，1949年9月1日成军）
  • “茱莉亚”阿尔皮尼旅，驻弗留利地区奇维达莱 （1949年10月15日成军）
  • “的里雅斯特”步兵师，驻波隆那（1950年6月1日成军）
  • “特雷登提纳”阿尔皮尼旅，驻布雷萨诺内（1951年5月1日成军）
  • “皮内罗洛”步兵师，驻巴里（减员师，1952年4月15日成军）
  • “陶林尼斯”阿尔皮尼旅，驻都灵（1952年4月15日成军）
  • “牡羊座”装甲师，驻波代诺内（1952年10月1日成军）
  • “半人马座”装甲师，维洛纳（1952年11月1日成军）
  • “奥罗比卡”阿尔皮尼旅，驻梅拉诺（1953年1月1日成军）
  • “波佐洛德尔弗留利”装甲师，驻罗马（1953年1月1日成军）
  • “卡多雷”阿尔皮尼旅，驻贝卢诺 （1953年7月1日成军）

1947年的巴黎和约中的对义条文对意大利武装部队的规模曾经有严格的限制，其中针对陆军的条款包括：

  1. 意大利必须拆除法义边界和南义边界的所有永久防御工事（第47和第48条）。
  2. 意大利陆军被禁止拥有射程超过30公里的火炮（第51条），以及最多只可拥有200辆重型和中型战车（第54条）。
  3. 曾于黑衫军和国家共和军（英语：National Republican Army）任职的前军官不得在新的意大利军队任职（经意大利法院宣告无罪者除外，第55条）。
  4. 意大利军队的员额人数限制为185,000人，外加65,000名卡宾枪骑兵（国家宪兵），最多只能有250,000人（第61条）。由于空军跟海军员额被允许各有25,000人，因此陆军员额最高只能有135,000人。

但在1949年，伴随着北约组织的成立及意大利的加盟，上述之限制大部分都被取消，美国也意识到让所有意大利军队装备现代化的必要性。因此透过美国共同防御援助法案提供的军事援助，包括M26潘兴、M7牧师、M8灰狗等前美军装甲战斗车辆陆续提供给意大利陆军。1951年起更新锐的M46、M47巴顿系列战车也加入。

北约成立后，意大利陆军并入北约南欧盟军，并为来自东部（可能通过南斯拉夫）的可怕入侵做好准备。南欧盟军陆军(LANDSOUTH) 于 1951 年 7 月 10 日成立，保卫意大利东北部。该司令部总部设在维罗纳，由毛里齐奥·拉扎罗·德卡斯蒂廖尼中将领导。[5] 大约三个步兵师和三个旅是该司令部最初可以用来保卫意大利东北部的唯一部队。这些师分别是戈里齐亚的“曼托瓦”步兵师、特雷维索的“福尔戈尔”步兵师、波隆那的“的里雅斯特”步兵师。三个旅中的两个旅是阿尔卑斯山地步兵旅——位于奇维达莱德尔弗留利的阿尔卑斯山旅“朱莉娅”和位于布里克森的阿尔卑斯山旅“特伦蒂纳”，而第三个旅是位于波代诺内的装甲旅“阿里埃特”。“Italic Weld”演习是在意大利北部举行的海空联合演习，涉及美国、意大利、土耳其和希腊，这似乎是首批测试意大利陆军新方向的演习之一。[6]

1952年5月1日，陆军启动了一个集团军司令部和两个军司令部，即帕多瓦的第三集团军、博尔扎诺的第四集团军和维托里奥威尼托的第五集团军，以便能够绕过北约的指挥系统，以防万一意大利和里雅斯特自由领土为的南斯拉夫。[7] 1952年晚些时候，陆军还在博洛尼亚组建了第六军团，随后在1957年在米兰组建了第三军团，这两个军团也都隶属于第三集团军。

1960年代初，陆军将“的里雅斯特”、“弗留利”、“波佐洛德尔弗留利”、“皮内罗洛”、“阿韦利诺”和“奥斯塔”师缩减为旅，并在比萨组成了第一伞兵旅。1965年10月1日，“阿韦利诺”步兵旅被解散，1967年6月10日，第1伞兵旅被允许在其名称中加上“ Folgore ”。它现在被命名为“福尔戈尔”伞兵旅。随着意大利和南斯拉夫之间紧张局势的缓和，第3集团军与第6军团于1972年4月1日解散，其职能由驻维罗纳的北约南欧盟军接管。第三军解散前，军队编制如下：

Following the creation of NATO, the Italian Army was integrated into NATO's Allied Forces Southern Europe and prepared for a feared invasion from the east, possibly via Yugoslavia. Allied Land Forces Southern Europe (LANDSOUTH), was activated on 10 July 1951 to defend northeastern Italy. The command was headquartered at Verona, and placed under Lieutenant General Maurizio Lazzaro De Castiglioni.[5] Some three infantry divisions and three brigades were the only forces initially available to this command to defend northeastern Italy. The divisions in question were the Infantry Division "Mantova" in Gorizia, the Infantry Division "Folgore" in Treviso, the Infantry Division "Trieste" in Bologna. Two of the three brigades were Alpini mountain infantry brigades – the Alpine Brigade "Julia" in Cividale del Friuli and Alpine Brigade "Tridentina" in Brixen, while the third brigade was the Armored Brigade "Ariete" in Pordenone. Exercise "Italic Weld", a combined air-naval-ground exercise in northern Italy involving the United States, Italy, Turkey, and Greece, appears to have been one of the first exercises in which the new Italian Army orientation was tested.[6]

On 1 May 1952 the army activated one army command and two corps commands, the Third Army in Padua, and the IV Army Corps in Bolzano and V Army Corps in Vittorio Veneto, to be able to circumvent NATO's chain of command in case a war should break out between Italy and Yugoslavia for the Free Territory of Trieste.[7] Later in 1952 the army also raised the VI Army Corps in Bologna, followed by the III Army Corps in Milan in 1957, both of which were also assigned to the Third Army.

During the early 1960s the army reduced the "Trieste", "Friuli", "Pozzuolo del Friuli", "Pinerolo", "Avellino", and "Aosta" divisions to brigades and raised the I Paratroopers Brigade in Pisa. On 1 October 1965, the Infantry Brigade "Avellino" was disbanded and, on 10 June 1967, the 1st Paratroopers Brigade was allowed to add "Folgore" to its name. It was now named Paratroopers Brigade "Folgore". With the easing of tensions between Italy and Yugoslavia, the Third Army, along with VI Army Corps, was disbanded on 1 April 1972, and its functions were taken over by NATO's Allied Forces Southern Europe in Verona. Before the disbanding of Third Army the army's structure was as follows:

第三集团军，驻帕多瓦 帕多瓦防空炮兵司令部 第三军团，位于米兰 装甲师“半人马座”，驻诺瓦拉 “莱尼亚诺”步兵师，驻贝加莫 “克雷莫纳”步兵师，驻库内奥 “Taurinense”高山旅，位于都灵（1972 年转移到第四军团） 第四军团，位于博尔扎诺（1973年1月1日改名为第四阿尔卑斯军团） 高山旅“奥罗比卡”，梅拉诺 高山旅“Tridentina”，布列瑟农 卡尼亚-卡多雷部队司令部，位于贝卢诺 高山旅“卡多雷”，贝卢诺 阿尔卑斯旅“茱莉亚”，位于弗留利地区奇维达莱 位于维托里奥威尼托的第五军团 “阿里埃特”装甲师，位于波代诺内 “福尔戈尔”步兵师，驻特雷维索 “曼托瓦”步兵师，驻乌迪内 戈里齐亚的“波佐洛德尔弗留利”骑兵旅（师级装甲编队） 第三导弹旅，位于波托格鲁阿罗（配备“诚实约翰”核子导弹） 的里雅斯特部队司令部 Lagunari 军团“Serenissima”，位于威尼斯（旅级编队） 第六军团，位于博洛尼亚 “弗留利”步兵旅，位于佛罗伦斯 “的里雅斯特”步兵旅，位于波隆那 比萨“福尔戈尔”伞兵旅 陆军总参谋部，在罗马 位于都灵的第一军区司令部 位于帕多瓦的第五军区司令部 第七军区司令部，位于佛罗伦斯 第八军区司令部, 罗马 步兵师“Granatieri di Sardegna”，罗马 撒丁岛军事指挥部，位于卡利亚里 X军事领土指挥部，那不勒斯 “皮内罗洛”步兵旅，位于巴里 第十一军区司令部，位于巴勒莫 步兵旅“奥斯塔”，墨西拿

1975年改组 编辑

参见：Structure of the Italian Army in 1974、Italian Army 1975 reform和Structure of the Italian Army in 1977

The most significant reorganization of the Italian Army took place in 1975, when the regimental level was abolished and battalions came under direct command of newly formed multi-arms brigades. At the same time, the reduction of the military service from 15 to 12 months for the army and air force and from 24 to 18 months for the navy forced the army to reduce its forces by nearly 45,000 troops. Therefore, while in the existing brigades "Orobica", "Tridentina", "Cadore", "Julia", "Taurinense", "Friuli", "Trieste", "Folgore", "Pinerolo", "Aosta" and "III Missile Brigade" only the regimental level was abolished, the divisions and "Pozzuolo del Friuli" brigade were subjected to major changes:

While the Infantry Division "Cremona" was reduced to a brigade, the Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna" and Infantry Division "Legnano" and the Cavalry Brigade "Pozzuolo del Friuli" were split to create two new brigades each. Afterwards, the three units ceased to exist.

意大利陆军最重大的重组发生在1975年，当时团级被废除，营由新组成的多兵种旅直接指挥。同时，陆军和空军的兵役期从15个月减少到12个月，海军的兵役期从24个月减少到18个月，迫使陆军裁减兵力近4.5万人。因此，在现有的“奥罗比卡”旅、“特伦蒂纳”旅、“卡多雷”旅、“茱莉亚”旅、“陶林尼斯”旅、“弗留利”旅、“的里雅斯特”旅、“福尔戈尔”旅、“皮内罗洛”旅、“奥斯塔”旅和“III导弹”旅中“旅”仅团级被废除，师和“波佐洛德尔弗留利”旅进行了重大变动：

虽然“克雷莫纳”步兵师被缩减为一个旅，但“撒丁岛格拉纳蒂耶里”步兵师和“莱尼亚诺”步兵师以及“波佐洛德尔弗留利”骑兵旅被拆分，各组了两个新旅。此后，这三个单位不复存在。

1975年以前 1975年后 笔记 “克雷莫纳”步兵师 “克雷莫纳”摩托化旅 分配给第3军团 “撒丁岛格拉纳蒂耶里”步兵师 “撒丁岛格拉纳蒂耶里”机械化旅 分配到中央军区 “阿奎”摩托化旅 分配到中央军区 “莱尼亚诺”步兵师 “莱尼亚诺”机械化旅 加入“半人马座”装甲师 “布雷西亚”机械化旅 加入机械化师“曼托瓦” “波佐洛德尔弗留利”骑兵旅 “波佐洛德尔弗留利”装甲旅 加入机械化师“曼托瓦” “维托里奥·威尼托”装甲旅 加入机械化师“Folgore” 其余四个师也进行了较大变动和裁减，但与上述三个师不同的是，改革后仍继续服役。“福尔戈尔”步兵师和“曼托瓦”步兵师大部分被解散，残部各组成一个旅；随后，两个师各增设了两个旅，以恢复实力。第131装甲师“半人马座”被分成两个旅，然后增加“莱尼亚诺”机械化旅来恢复兵力。只有第132装甲师“阿里埃特”没有减员，其三个团被用来组成该师的三个旅。

Before 1975 After 1975 Notes
Infantry Division "Cremona" Motorized Brigade "Cremona" assigned to 3rd Army Corps
Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna" Mechanized Brigade "Granatieri di Sardegna" assigned to Central Military Region
Motorized Brigade "Acqui" assigned to Central Military Region
Infantry Division "Legnano" Mechanized Brigade "Legnano" joined the Armored Division "Centauro"
Mechanized Brigade "Brescia" joined the Mechanized Division "Mantova"
Cavalry Brigade "Pozzuolo del Friuli" Armored Brigade "Pozzuolo del Friuli" joined the Mechanized Division "Mantova"
Armored Brigade "Vittorio Veneto" joined the Mechanized Division "Folgore"

The remaining four divisions were also subjected to major changes and reductions, however, unlike the above three divisions, they remained in service after the reform. The units of the Infantry Division "Folgore" and Infantry Division "Mantova" were mostly disbanded, and the remnants used to create one brigade each; then each of the two divisions was augmented with two brigades to bring them back up to strength. The 131st Armored Division "Centauro" was split into two brigades and then brought back to full strength by adding the Mechanized Brigade "Legnano". Only the 132nd Armored Division "Ariete" saw no reduction in its ranks, and its three regiments were used to create three brigades for the division. 1975年之前的名字 1975年由师资产组成的旅 1975年后的名字 1975年以后分配的旅 笔记 “福尔戈”步兵师 “戈里齐亚”机械化旅 “福尔戈尔”机械化师 “戈里齐亚”机械化旅 “的里雅斯特”机械化旅 来自托斯卡纳-艾米利亚军区 “维托里奥·威尼托”装甲旅 从“波佐洛德尔弗留利”骑兵旅分裂出来 “曼托瓦”步兵师 “伊松佐”机械化旅 “曼托瓦”机械化师 “伊松佐”机械化旅 “布雷西亚”机械化旅 从“莱尼亚诺”步兵师分裂出来 “波佐洛德尔弗留利”装甲旅 来自第5军团 “半人马座”装甲师 第 31 装甲旅“Curtatone” 第 3 机械化旅“Goito” “半人马座”装甲师 第31装甲旅“库尔塔托内” 第3机械化旅“Goito” “莱尼亚诺”机械化旅 前“莱尼亚诺”步兵师 “阿里埃特”装甲师 第8机械化旅“加里波第” 第32装甲旅“马梅利”第 132装甲旅“马宁” “阿里埃特”装甲师 第8机械化旅“加里波第” 第32装甲旅“马梅利” 第132装甲旅“马宁” 改革后的军队编制为：

第3军团（米兰）： 

「半人馬座」裝甲師（諾瓦拉）
第 3 機械化旅「Goito」（米蘭）
「萊尼亞諾」機械化旅（貝加莫）
第 31 裝甲旅「Curtatone」（貝林扎戈·諾瓦雷塞）
「克雷莫納」摩托化旅（都靈）

第4阿尔卑斯军团（博尔扎诺）： 

高山旅「卡多雷」（貝盧諾）
阿爾卑斯旅「茱莉亞」（烏迪內）
高山旅「奧羅比卡」（梅拉諾）
「Taurinense」高山旅（都靈）
高山旅「Tridentina」（布里克森）

第5军团（维托里奥·威尼托）： 

「阿里埃特」裝甲師（波代諾內）
第8機械化旅「加里波第」（波代諾內）
第 32 裝甲旅「馬梅利」（陶裡亞諾）
第 132 裝甲旅「馬寧」（阿維亞諾）
「福爾戈爾」機械化師（特雷維索）
「的里雅斯特」機械化旅（波隆那）
「戈里齊亞」機械化旅（戈里齊亞）
「維托里奧·威尼托」裝甲旅（奧皮西納別墅）

两栖部队司令部（威尼斯，一个团规模的编队，负责保卫威尼斯潟湖） 

「曼托瓦」機械化師（烏迪內）
「布雷西亞」機械化旅（布雷西亞）
「伊松佐」機械化旅（奇維達萊德爾弗留利）
「波佐洛德爾弗留利」裝甲旅（帕爾馬諾瓦）
第 3 飛彈旅「阿奎萊亞」（波托格魯阿羅）
的里雅斯特部隊司令部（的里雅斯特，一個旅級編隊，主要由預備役部隊組成）

军区作战指挥下的旅有：

第七领土军事指挥部（佛罗伦斯） 

「福爾戈」傘兵旅（利沃諾）
「弗留利」摩托化旅（佛羅倫斯）

第八领土军事指挥部（罗马） 

「阿奎」摩托化旅（拉奎拉）
「Granatieri di Sardegna」機械化旅（羅馬）

X 领土军事司令部（那不勒斯） 

「皮內羅洛」摩托化旅（巴瑞）

第十一地区军事指挥部（巴勒莫） 

「奧斯塔」摩托化旅（墨西拿）
Name before 1975 Brigades created from divisional assets in 1975 Name after 1975 Assigned brigades after 1975 Notes
Infantry Division "Folgore" Mechanized Brigade "Gorizia" Mechanized Division "Folgore" Mechanized Brigade "Gorizia"
Mechanized Brigade "Trieste" from the Tuscan-Emilian Military Region
Armored Brigade "Vittorio Veneto" split from the Cavalry Brigade "Pozzuolo del Friuli"
Infantry Division "Mantova" Mechanized Brigade "Isonzo" Mechanized Division "Mantova" Mechanized Brigade "Isonzo"
Mechanized Brigade "Brescia" split from the Infantry Division "Legnano"
Armored Brigade "Pozzuolo del Friuli" from the 5th Army Corps
Armored Division "Centauro" 31st Armored Brigade "Curtatone"
3rd Mechanized Brigade "Goito" 		Armored Division "Centauro" 31st Armored Brigade "Curtatone"
3rd Mechanized Brigade "Goito"
Mechanized Brigade "Legnano" former Infantry Division "Legnano"
Armored Division "Ariete" 8th Mechanized Brigade "Garibaldi"
32nd Armored Brigade "Mameli"
132nd Armored Brigade "Manin" 		Armored Division "Ariete" 8th Mechanized Brigade "Garibaldi"
32nd Armored Brigade "Mameli"
132nd Armored Brigade "Manin"

After the reform the organization of the army was:

The brigades under operational control of the Military Regions were:

 
1984年意大利陆军组织编制表

1986年改组 编辑

1986年，陆军最后的其余4个师指挥部解散，从此意大利北部所有的旅均由陆军3个军团司令部直接指挥，而意大利中部和南部的旅则由地方行政军区指挥部管辖。随着师的消失，陆军重新命名了一些旅，并授予所有旅新的队徽以反映他们的独立性。到1989年，陆军的组织架构如下图所示：

 
1989年意大利陆军组织编制表

冷战过后 编辑

详情可参考1989年意大利陆军组织架构（英语：Structure of the Italian Army in 1989）

 
 
 
 
 
 
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1989年意大利陆军各战斗旅布署位置图

1989年冷战结束时，意大利陆军由26个作战旅组成：4个装甲旅、10个机械化旅、5个摩托化旅、5个山地旅、1个火箭炮兵旅和1个空降旅。

这些部队隶属于3个军，具体布署情况如下：

另外有若干隶属军区指挥部的旅，负责首都、意大利中、南部及离岛的防务:

装甲旅下辖1个指挥通信营、2个或3个装备豹1A2主力战车的战车营、1个装备M113装甲运兵车的机械化步兵营、1个装备M109榴弹炮的自行野战炮兵团、1个后勤营、1个反战车连和一家工程师公司。

机械化旅由1个指挥信号营、1个坦克营（豹1）、3个机械化步兵营（M113）、1个配备M109榴弹炮的自行野战炮兵营、1个后勤营、1个反战车连和1名工兵组成公司; 然而，皮内罗洛机械化旅部署了配备FH-70榴弹炮的野战炮兵群。此外，“戈里齐亚”和“曼托瓦”机械化旅各部署了两个阵地步兵营，负责守卫南斯拉夫-意大利边境的防御工事和掩体。

摩托化旅下辖1个指挥通信营、1个装甲营（战车与机械化步兵的混合部队）、3个摩托车化步兵营、1个野战炮兵群（FH-70）、1个后勤营、1个反坦克连和一家工程师公司；然而，萨萨里旅没有野战炮兵营。

“福尔戈尔”伞兵旅确实部署了 1 个指挥与信号营、1 个伞兵突击营（特种部队）、3 个伞兵营、1 个配备Mod 56 榴弹炮的空降野战炮兵群、1 个后勤营、 1 个陆军航空直升机营和1 个营。工程师公司。

5个高山旅中的3个由1个指挥信号营、2个高山营、1个高山训练营、2个山地炮兵群（56型）、1个后勤营、1个反战车连和1个工兵连组成；相比之下，“Tridentina”旅派出了阿尔皮尼达雷斯托营而不是阿尔皮尼训练营。茱莉亚高山旅是个例外，该旅由1 个指挥与信号营、4 个高山营、1 个高山营、1 个高山训练营、3 个山地炮兵营、1 个后勤营、1 个反战车连和1个工兵连组成。 ，使朱利亚成为意大利陆军最大的旅。“d'Arresto”阿尔皮尼和步兵部队被指定直接守卫边境的特定防御地点，以减缓敌人的攻击。他们不是机动部队，而是为了训练和后勤目的而附属于驻扎在边境附近的旅。

“阿奎莱亚”导弹旅部署了重型火炮和导弹部队，两者都能够发射战术核武。该旅的主要导弹武器是MGM-52“长矛”导弹。

The Armored Brigades consisted of one Command & Signals Battalion, two or three Tank Battalions with Leopard 1A2 tanks, one Mechanized Infantry Battalion with M113 APCs, one Self-propelled Field Artillery Group with M109 howitzers, one Logistic Battalion, an Anti-Tank Company and an Engineer Company.

The Mechanized Brigades consisted of one Command & Signals Battalion, one Tank Battalion (Leopard 1), three Mechanized Infantry Battalions (M113), one Self-propelled Field Artillery Battalion with M109 howitzers, one Logistic Battalion, an Anti-Tank Company and an Engineer Company; however, the Pinerolo Mechanized Brigades fielded a Field Artillery Group with FH-70 howitzers. Additionally, the "Gorizia" and "Mantova" mechanized brigades fielded two Position Infantry battalions each, which were tasked with manning fortifications and bunkers along the Yugoslav-Italian border.

The Motorized Brigades consisted of one Command & Signals Battalion, one Armored Battalion (a mixed unit of tanks and mechanized infantry), three Motorized Infantry Battalions, one Field Artillery Group (FH-70), one Logistic Battalion, an Anti-Tank Company and an Engineer Company; however, the Sassari Brigade did not contain a field artillery battalion.

The Paratroopers Brigade "Folgore" did field one Command & Signals Battalion, one Paratroopers Assault Battalion (a Special Forces Unit), three Paratroopers Battalions, one Airborne Field Artillery Group with Mod 56 howitzers, one Logistic Battalion, one Army Aviation Helicopter Battalion and an Engineer Company.

Three of the five Alpine Brigades consisted of one Command & Signals Battalion, two Alpini Battalions, one Alpini Training Battalion, two Mountain Artillery Groups (Mod 56), one Logistic Battalion, an Anti-Tank Company and an Engineer Company; In contrast, the "Tridentina" brigade fielded an Alpini d'Arresto Battalion instead of the Alpini Training Battalion. The exception was the Julia Alpine Brigade which consisted of one Command & Signals Battalion, four Alpini Battalions, one Alpini d'Arresto Battalion, one Alpini Training Battalion, three Mountain Artillery Battalions, one Logistic Battalion, an Anti-Tank Company and an Engineer Company, making the Julia the largest brigade of the Italian Army. The "d'Arresto" Alpini and Infantry units were designated to hold specific fortified locations directly at the border to slow down an attacking enemy. They were not a maneuver element but attached for training and logistic purposes to brigades stationed close to the border.

The Missile Brigade "Aquileia" fielded a mix of heavy artillery and missile units, both capable of firing tactical nuclear weapons. The main missile weapon of the brigade was the MGM-52 Lance missile.

单位概要 编辑

冷战结束时意大利陆军各旅麾下各单位的总布署状况如表：


2 侦察中队群 豹1 A2 M113 APC 原本每个师都有侦察中队群。随着师级的取消，1个中队改制为战车中队，并加入“布雷西亚”旅。其中一支被改编为机械化中队，并加入“维托里奥·威尼托”旅。剩下的两个侦察中队加入了“马梅利”旅和“波佐洛德尔弗留利”旅。每个大队派出3个侦察中队，共10辆坦克和8辆M113装甲运兵车，加上营长的坦克，一个大队共派出31辆坦克和24辆M113。 35 机械化步兵 M113装甲运兵车 每个装甲旅一个营，每个机械化旅三个营。贝尔萨列里的十二个营无一例外都是机械化步兵部队；其余的机械化步兵包括两个撒丁岛格拉蒂耶里营、十六个步兵营和四个骑兵中队。一个营是陆军步骑兵学校的训练示范单位。每个营部署了 68 辆M113 装甲运兵车和 17 辆M106 迫击炮车。 12 摩托化步兵 每个摩托化旅有两个营，“奥斯塔”旅有三个营，的里雅斯特有一个营，属于“维托里奥·威尼托”旅的一部分，负责在南斯拉夫进攻时保卫该城市。陆军储存了另外五个摩托化营的装备。 13 阿尔皮尼 每个高山旅有两个营；“茱莉亚”旅共部署了四个阿尔卑斯营，其中一个营隶属于奥斯塔军事阿尔卑斯学校。 5 伞兵 1 个宪兵伞兵营、2 个伞兵营和 1 个伞兵突击（特种部队）营。此外，第 4 军也部署了阿尔皮尼伞兵连。 6 防御步兵 1个阿尔皮尼、5个步兵营和1个阿尔皮尼连被指定负责控制意大利东部和北部边境的特定防御区。这些营的兵力从 10 到 19 个连不等。 2 两栖步兵 LVT-7 一个拉古纳里营、一个两栖车辆营和一个训练连，在两栖部队司令部的指挥下负责保卫威尼斯。拉古纳里营的组织方式类似机械化步兵营。 33 训练营 训练营的任务是对新兵进行基本训练：训练了 4 个阿尔皮尼营、1 个伞兵营、1 个格拉纳蒂里营和 27 个步兵营。 11 自走炮 M109榴弹炮 每个装甲机械化旅1个团（相当于一个营）（“皮内罗洛”、“莱尼亚诺”、“的里雅斯特”、“撒丁岛格拉纳蒂耶里”和“布雷西亚“机械化旅除外），第3集团军1个团2个团军团、罗马陆军炮兵学校的一个连和撒丁岛的一个训练连。每个小组部署了三个连，每连六门M109 榴弹炮。 18 野战炮兵 M114榴弹炮 每个摩托化旅一组（“萨萨里”摩托化旅除外），每个高山旅一组，“皮内罗洛”、“莱尼亚诺”、“的里雅斯特”、“撒丁岛格拉纳蒂耶里”和“布雷西亚”机械化旅一组，隶属于第五军团，一个隶属于托斯卡纳-艾米利亚军区，两个隶属于意大利南部军区，还有一个炮兵连隶属于罗马陆军炮兵学校。每个小组部署了三个连，每连六门M114 榴弹炮。 6 山区炮兵 56型榴弹炮 每个高山旅一个小组，“茱莉亚”高山旅派出两个小组。每个小组部署了三个连，每连六门Mod 56 榴弹炮。 1 空降火炮 56型榴弹炮 隶属于“福尔戈尔”伞兵旅的一个空降野战炮兵大队，每个连配备 3 门 6 门Mod 56 榴弹炮。 8 重型野战火炮 FH-70榴弹炮 重型野战炮兵群，作为军团炮兵：2个隶属于第3军团，2个隶属于第4阿尔卑斯军团，4个隶属于第5军团，1个炮兵连隶属于罗马陆军炮兵学校。每个小组部署了三个连，每连六门FH-70榴弹炮。 1 重炮 M115榴弹炮 隶属于第5军团的一个团。该部队最初能够发射战术核弹药，是“阿奎莱亚”炮兵旅的一部分，但在 1986 年失去了核角色。该部队部署了 3 个连，每连 4 门M115榴弹炮。 1 重型自走炮 M110A2榴弹炮 其中一个小组是“阿奎莱亚”旅的一部分，能够发射战术核弹。该小组部署了三个连的六门M110A2 榴弹炮。 1 导弹火炮 MGM-52 长矛 陆军唯一的导弹炮兵群能够发射战术核子导弹。该小组部署了由两个MGM-52 长矛发射器组成的三个连。 8 目标获取 六个配备火炮雷达和无人机的炮兵专业大队为陆军部队提供支持，一个目标获取大队为“阿奎莱亚”导弹旅提供支持，一个预备队作为骑兵炮兵团的一部分。 7 轻型高射炮 FIM-92 Stinger 40/70 高射炮 高炮司令部下辖五个现役大队和两个预备大队。 4 防空导弹火炮 MIM-23 鹰 分为两个团，隶属于高射炮司令部。每组配备 4 个连和 6 个MIM-23 Hawk发射器。 17 号 工兵营 工兵营隶属于陆军军团和军区司令部，并有不同的专业：八个先锋营负责建筑任务，两个战斗工兵营支援陆军军团，两个铁路建设营和两个桥梁建设营分为两个营其中，一个先锋营作为陆军工程学校的训练和示范单位，两个采矿营则负责在意大利阿尔卑斯山边境地区建造和维护防御工事。此外，还有 24 个战斗工兵连支援陆军的每个旅（“萨萨里”旅除外）。 5 侦察直升机 AB 206 A109 EOA 四个中队驾驶 AB 206，一个中队驾驶 A109 EOA 直升机。 5 运输直升机 AB 205 AB 412 CH-47 支奴干 维泰博有 1 支飞行 CH-47 支奴干直升机的中队，还有 6 支飞行 AB 412 和 AB 205 直升机的中队。 9 通用航空 AB 212 SM-1019 这些中队分布在全国各地，为各地区司令部提供支援。

数量（个） 单位类型 装备 备注
19
 战车营 豹1A2
M60A1巴顿 		每个装甲旅有2个营，每个机械化旅有1个营，而“牡羊座”旅则部署了3个战车营。每个营配备3个战车连，每个连16辆战车，加上营长座车共49辆战车。
9
 装步混成营 M47巴顿
M113装甲运兵车 		装步混成营由战车和机械化步兵组成，每个摩托化旅配属1个营。1个营配属第4山地军，1个营配属第5军，1个营配属中央军区，2个营分别为装甲骑兵学校和装甲步兵第1团训练营。每个营部署了33辆M47巴顿战车和24辆M113 装甲运兵车。
2
 Reconnaissance Squadrons Groups Leopard 1A2
M113 APC 		Originally each division had one reconnaissance squadrons group. With the abolition of the divisional level, one squadron was reformed as a tank squadron group and joined the "Brescia" brigade. One was reformed as a mechanized squadron group and joined the "Vittorio Veneto" brigade. The two remaining reconnaissance squadron groups joined the "Mameli" and "Pozzuolo del Friuli" brigades. Each group fielded three reconnaissance squadrons of ten tanks and eight M113 APCs, with the battalion commander's tank, a group fielded a total of 31 tanks and 24 M113.
35
 Mechanized Infantry M113 APC One battalion per Armored Brigade, three battalions per mechanized brigade. The twelve Bersaglieri battalions were, without exception, mechanized infantry units; the remainder of the mechanized infantry were two Granatieri di Sardegna battalions, sixteen infantry battalions, and four cavalry squadron groups. One battalion was a training and demonstration unit of the army's Infantry and Cavalry School. Each battalion fielded 68 M113 APCs and 17 M106 mortar carriers.
12
 Motorized Infantry Two battalions per motorized brigade, three battalions in the "Aosta" brigade, and one battalion in Triest as part of the "Vittorio Veneto" brigade tasked with defending the city in case of a Yugoslavian attack. The army stored the equipment for five additional motorized battalions.
13
 Alpini Two battalions per Alpine Brigade; with the "Julia" brigade fielding a total of four Alpini battalions, an additional battalion under the Military Alpine School in Aosta.
5
 Paratroopers One Carabinieri paratroopers battalion, two paratroopers battalions, and one paratroopers assault (Special Forces) battalion. Additionally, the 4th Army Corps fielded an Alpini Paratroopers Company.
6
 Fortification Infantry One Alpini, five infantry battalions, and one Alpini company designated to hold specific fortified sectors of the Eastern and Northern Italian border. The strength of the battalions varied from 10 to 19 companies.
2
 Amphibious Infantry LVT-7 One Lagunari battalion, one amphibious vehicles battalion and one training company tasked with defending Venice under the Amphibious Troop Command. The Lagunari battalion was organized like a mechanized infantry battalion.
33
 Training Battalions The training battalions were tasked with the basic training of recruits: four Alpini, one paratrooper, one Granatieri, and 27 infantry battalions trained.
11
 自走炮 M109自走炮 One group (equivalent to a battalion) per armored and mechanized brigade (except for the "Pinerolo", "Legnano", "Trieste", "Granatieri di Sardegna" and "Brescia" mechanized brigades), two groups in one regiment under 3rd Army Corps, one battery as part of the army's artillery school in Rome and one training battery on Sardinia. Each group fielded three batteries of six M109 howitzers.
18
 Field Artillery M114 howitzers One group per motorized brigade (except the "Sassari" Motorized Brigade), one group per alpine brigade, one group in "Pinerolo", "Legnano", "Trieste", "Granatieri di Sardegna" and "Brescia" mechanized brigades, one group under 5th Army Corps, one under the Tuscan-Emilian Military Region, two in Southern Italy under the Southern Military Region, and one battery as part of the Army's artillery school in Rome. Each group fielded three batteries of six M114 howitzerss.
6
 Mountain Artillery Mod 56 howitzers One group per Alpine Brigade, with the "Julia" Alpine Brigade fielding two groups. Each group fielded three batteries of six Mod 56 howitzers.
1
 Airborne Artillery Mod 56 howitzers One airborne field artillery group as part of the Paratroopers Brigade "Folgore" with three batteries of 6x Mod 56 howitzers each.
8
 Heavy Field Artillery FH-70 howitzers Heavy Field Artillery groups, served as Corps Artillery: two under 3rd Army Corps, two under 4th Alpine Army Corps, four under 5th Army Corps and one battery as part of the army's artillery school in Rome. Each group fielded three batteries of six FH-70 howitzers.
1
 Heavy Artillery M115榴弹炮s One group under 5th Army Corps. Originally capable of firing tactical nuclear ammunition and part of the "Aquileia" artillery brigade, the unit lost its nuclear role in 1986. The group fielded three batteries of four M115 howitzers.
1
 Heavy Self-Propelled Artillery M110A2自走炮 One group as part of "Aquileia" brigade capable of firing tactical nuclear ammunition. The group fielded three batteries of six M110A2 howitzers.
1
 Missile Artillery MGM-52长矛 The only missile artillery group of the army was capable of firing tactical nuclear missiles. The group fielded three batteries of two MGM-52 Lance launchers.
8
 Target Acquisition Six Artillery Specialist Groups with artillery radars and drones supporting the army corps, one target acquisition group supporting the Missile Brigade "Aquileia", one reserve group as part of the Horse Artillery Regiment.
7
 Light Anti-aircraft Artillery FIM-92刺针导弹
波佛斯40/70防空机炮（英语：Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/70） 		Five active and two reserve groups under the Anti-aircraft Artillery Command.
4
 Anti-aircraft Missile Artillery MIM-23鹰式导弹 Grouped in two regiments under the Anti-aircraft Artillery Command. Each group fielded four batteries with six MIM-23 Hawk launchers.
17
 Engineer Battalions Engineer battalions were under the Army Corps', and the Military Regional Commands and came in various specializations: Eight pioneer battalions tasked with construction duties, two combat engineer battalions supported the Army Corps', two railway construction and two bridge construction battalions were grouped into two regiments under the Army's Engineer Inspectorate, one pioneer battalion served as training and demonstration unit under the Army's engineering school, while two mining battalions were tasked with building and maintaining fortifications in the Alpine border regions of Italy. Additionally 24 Combat Engineer companies supported each of the army's brigades (with the exception of the "Sassari" brigade).
5
 Reconnaissance Helicopter AB 206 A109 EOA Four squadrons flying AB 206 and one squadron flying A109 EOA helicopters.
5
 Transport Helicopter AB 205 AB 412 CH-47 契努克 One squadron flying CH-47 Chinook Helicopters in Viterbo and six squadrons flying AB 412 and AB 205 helicopters.
9
 General Aviation AB 212 SM-1019 The squadrons were dispersed all over the nation and supported various regional commands.
17
 通讯营 另有2个独立通讯连
3
 电子作战营
1
 NBC核生化武器防护营 隶属于工兵部队，但受陆军总部直接指挥。
25
 勤务营 每个旅一个后勤营；“萨萨里”旅除外。
6
 机动勤务营 机动勤务营负责确保陆军3个军指挥部的机动和后勤支援。
9
 运输营 运输营为各军区指挥部、陆军总部和武装部队参谋本部提供机动和后勤支援。Transport battalions provided mobility and logistic support to Territorial Commands and the Army and Armed Forces General Staffs in Rome.
26
 指挥通讯连 每个旅有1个指挥通讯连，1个连隶属于陆军防空炮兵指挥部，1个连隶属于两栖部队司令部。

此外，陆军还部署了24个反战车连，除了“萨萨里”旅之外，每个战斗旅各有1个连。

1991年改组 编辑

In 1991, the Army began the post-Cold War draw-down of its forces with the disbandment of seven brigades and a large number of smaller units. The brigades disbanded in 1991 were the "Aquileia", "Brescia", "Goito", "Mameli", "Orobica", "Trieste", and "Vittorio Veneto". The units subordinated to these brigades were mostly disbanded, while the "Garibaldi" brigade command was transferred with one of its battalions to Campania.

1991年改革 1991年，陆军开始冷战后缩编部队，解散了七个旅和大量较小的部队。1991年解散的旅有“阿奎莱亚”旅、“布雷西亚”旅、“戈伊托”旅、“马梅利”旅、“奥罗比卡”旅、“的里雅斯特”旅和“维托里奥威尼托”旅。这些旅所属的部队大部分被解散，而“加里波第”旅指挥部连同其一个营则被转移到坎帕尼亚。

1997年改组 编辑

随着军事形势的缓和，意大利陆军不断缩编兵力并解散较小的军事单位，因此需要在1997年之前进行重大重组，将剩余的营合并为连贯的部队，并解散现在多余的旅指挥部。因此，1996年下半年和1997年又解散了6个旅：“阿奎”、“卡多雷”、“克雷莫纳”、“戈里齐亚”、“莱尼亚诺”和“曼托瓦”。此外，剩余部队被转移到新基地，并在组成、名称和任务上发生了变化。三个军团更名，职能扩大：第3军团成为“投射部队司令部”（COMFOP），指挥陆军快速反应部队，第4高山军团成为“高山部队司令部”（COMALP） ）专注于维和行动，第五军团成为“第一国防军司令部”（COMFOD1），负责保卫意大利北部。1998年1月1日，“第二国防军司令部”（COMFOD2）在那不勒斯成立，任务是保卫意大利南部和中部。冷战期间，意大利陆军部队在战时由位于维罗纳的北约陆地司令部指挥；1997年10月1日，在上述北约司令部的组成部分中，新的“地面作战部队司令部”（COMFOTER）成立。COMFOTER 负责指挥意大利陆军的所有作战、作战支援、作战勤务支援和独联体部队。与维罗纳的 COMFOTER 一起，在特雷维索设立了一个支援司令部 (COMSUP) ，该司令部获得了对陆军所有剩余作战支援、作战勤务支援和独联体部队的作战控制权。COMSUP控制三个师级编队（陆军航空兵司令部、高射炮兵司令部、C4-IEW司令部）和三个旅级编队（野战炮兵旅、工兵旅、后勤支援司令部）。

因此，1997年改革后，意大利陆军的结构如下：

舒适度（维罗纳）： COMFOP（米兰）： 

「福爾戈」傘兵旅（利沃諾）
「弗留利」機械化旅（波隆那）
貝爾薩列裡“加里波第”旅（卡塞塔）

COMALP（博尔扎诺）： 

阿爾卑斯旅「茱莉亞」（烏迪內）
「Taurinense」高山旅（都靈）
高山旅「Tridentina」（布里克森）

COMFOD 1（维托里奥·威尼托）： 

「阿里埃特」裝甲旅（波代諾內）
「半人馬座」機械化旅（諾瓦拉）
「波佐洛德爾弗留利」騎兵旅（戈里齊亞）

COMFOD 2（那不勒斯）： 

「奧斯塔」機械化旅（墨西拿）
「Granatieri di Sardegna」機械化旅（羅馬）
「皮內羅洛」裝甲旅（巴里）
「薩薩裡」機械化旅（薩薩裡）

COMSUP（特雷维索）： 陆军航空司令部（维泰博） 高射炮司令部（帕多瓦） C4-IEW 指挥部 (安齐奥) 野战炮兵旅（波托格鲁阿罗） 工兵旅（乌迪内） 后勤支援司令部（乌迪内） With the relaxing military situation, the Italian Army kept drawing down forces and disbanding smaller military units, which necessitated a major reorganization by 1997 to merge the remaining battalions into coherent units and disband now superfluous brigade commands. Thus a further six brigades were disbanded during the latter half of 1996 and 1997: "Acqui", "Cadore", "Cremona", "Gorizia", "Legnano", and "Mantova". In addition, the remaining units were moved to new bases and changed in composition, designation, and tasks. The three Army Corps were renamed, and their functions expanded: the 3rd Army Corps became the "Projection Forces Command" (COMFOP), commanding the rapid reaction forces of the Army, the 4th Alpine Army Corps became the "Alpine Troops Command" (COMALP) focusing on peace-keeping operations and the 5th Army Corps became the "1st Defense Forces Command" (COMFOD1) tasked with defending Northern Italy. On January 1, 1998, the "2nd Defense Forces Command" (COMFOD2) was activated in Naples and tasked with defending South and Central Italy. During the Cold War, the Italian Army units were to be commanded in wartime by NATO's LANDSOUTH Command in Verona; on October 1, 1997, out of elements of the aforementioned NATO Command, the new "Operational Terrestrial Forces Command" (COMFOTER) was activated. The COMFOTER took command of all the combat, combat support, combat service support and CIS units of the Italian Army. Along with the COMFOTER in Verona, a Support Command (COMSUP) was raised in Treviso, which gained operational control of all the remaining combat support, combat service support and CIS units of the Army. The COMSUP controlled three division-sized formations (Army Aviation Command, Anti-aircraft Artillery Command, C4-IEW Command) and three brigade-sized formations (Field Artillery Brigade, Engineer Brigade, Logistic Support Command).

Thus after the 1997 reform the structure of the Italian Army was as follows:

2002年改组 编辑

 
Alpini of the 7th Alpini Regiment during the Falzarego 2011 exercise

1997年至2002年间，陆军继续调整新的结构，随着义务兵役的废除，另外两个旅（“Centauro”、“Tridentina”）于2002年解散。2000年12月1日，COMFOP成为北约快速旅意大利可部署军团(NRDC-IT) 并将其下属部队移交给COMFOD 1（“弗留利”、“福尔戈尔”）和COMFOD 2（“加里波第”）指挥部。“弗留利”旅改变编制，成为拥有陆军航空兵、骑兵和步兵部队的空中机动旅。COMSUP 已于 2000 年进行了重组和精简。

2002年之后，意大利陆军的结构如下：

舒适度（维罗纳）： NRDC-IT（米兰）： 

NRDC-IT 信號旅（米蘭）

COMALP（博尔扎诺）： 

阿爾卑斯旅「茱莉亞」（烏迪內）
「Taurinense」高山旅（都靈）

COMFOD 1（维托里奥·威尼托）： 

「阿里埃特」裝甲旅（波代諾內）
「福爾戈」傘兵旅（利沃諾）
「弗留利」空中機動旅（波隆那）
「波佐洛德爾弗留利」騎兵旅（戈里齊亞）

COMFOD 2（那不勒斯）： 

「奧斯塔」機械化旅（墨西拿）
貝爾薩列裡“加里波第”旅（卡塞塔）
「Granatieri di Sardegna」機械化旅（羅馬）
「皮內羅洛」裝甲旅（巴里）
「薩薩裡」機械化旅（薩薩裡）

C4-IEW 指挥部(安齐奥) COMSUP（特雷维索）： 大炮旅（帕多瓦） 空中骑兵司令部（维泰博） 野战炮兵旅（波托格鲁阿罗） 工兵旅（乌迪内） 后勤投射旅（乌迪内）

Between 1997 and 2002 the Army continued to tweak the new structure and with the abolition of obligatory military service a further two brigades ("Centauro", "Tridentina") were disbanded in 2002. On December 1, 2000, the COMFOP became the NATO Rapid Deployable Corps Italy (NRDC-IT) and passed its subordinate units to the COMFOD 1 ("Friuli", "Folgore") and COMFOD 2 ("Garibaldi") commands. The "Friuli" Brigade changed its composition and became an airmobile brigade with Army Aviation, Cavalry and Infantry units. The COMSUP had already been reorganized and streamlined in 2000.

After 2002 the structure of the Italian Army was as follows:

2011年改组 编辑

2011年改革 2011 年期间，对陆军支援单位进行了一些小改动。COMSUP 接管了陆军学校的指挥权，并在可能的情况下将其与支援旅合并。小型部队被转移到南部和岛屿上，以减少陆军在意大利较富裕的北部的足迹。同时，“皮内罗洛”旅的番号改回机械化旅。此后，除了四所陆军学校外，COMSUP 还包括以下司令部：

高射炮司令部（萨包迪亚） 炮兵司令部（布拉恰诺） 工程师指挥部（罗马） 后勤投射司令部（罗马）

During 2011 some small changes regarding the support units of the Army were enacted. The COMSUP took command of the Army's schools and merged them, where possible, with the support brigades. Minor units were moved South and to the islands to reduce the Army's footprint in the wealthier North of Italy. At the same time, the designation of the "Pinerolo" brigade was changed back to Mechanized Infantry Brigade. Afterwards the COMSUP consisted, besides four Army schools of the following commands:

  • Anti-aircraft Artillery Command (Sabaudia)
  • Artillery Command (Bracciano)
  • Engineer Command (Rome)
  • Logistic Projection Command (Rome)

2013年改组 编辑

 
The 1st Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain) on exercise

2013年，陆军开始了重大改革。三个军级司令部COMFOD 1、 COMFOD 2 和COMALP将解散，而“曼托瓦”师司令部从维托里奥·威尼托迁至佛罗伦萨，并在那里更名为“弗留利”师，采用了空中突击队的名称和传统。[8]弗留利与另外两个师“阿奎”和“特伦蒂纳”一起指挥意大利陆军的作战旅。

后勤投送司令部被解散，其部队直接隶属于旅。作为改革的一部分，陆军在比萨设立了陆军特种部队司令部（COMFOSE） ，负责指挥陆军所有特种作战部队。此外，维罗纳的地面部队作战司令部（COMFOTER）于2016年10月1日拆分为罗马的“地面部队作战司令部和陆军作战司令部”以及维罗纳的“地面部队作战支援司令部”。

改革结束时，该计划设想陆军将包括：

2个重型旅（阿里特、加里波第），配备半人马座 战车歼击车、阿里特战车 、达尔 多步兵战车及PzH2000 自走炮 2个中型旅（奥斯塔、皮内罗洛），配备半人马座战车歼击车、Freccia步兵战车和FH-70牵引火炮 4个轻型旅（福尔戈尔、茱莉亚、陶林嫩斯、萨萨里）配备半人马座战车歼击车、美洲狮 装甲运兵车和FH-70牵引火炮 1x空中突击旅（Pozzuolo del Friuli），配备美洲狮、A129 曼古斯塔 攻击机和NH90运输直升机。 改革后，除“波佐洛德尔弗留利”和“萨萨里”外，每个机动旅均计划部署以下部队：1个带旅参谋的指挥和信号部队、1个骑兵侦察团、3个战斗机动团、1个炮兵团、1个工兵团、1个后勤团。

“波佐洛德尔弗留利”旅计划与“弗留利”旅合并，并部署一个骑兵侦察团、一个空中突击步兵团、一个两栖突击步兵团、一个侦察直升机团、一个攻击直升机团、一个野战团。炮兵团、工兵团、后勤团以及标准指挥及信号部队及旅参谋。

“萨萨里”旅不会部署骑兵侦察团和炮兵团，除非找到资金在撒丁岛筹集这些部队。“撒丁岛格拉纳蒂耶里”旅注定要解散，其骑兵团加入“皮内罗洛”旅。相较之下，撒丁岛第一军团计划成为罗马首都军事司令部下的公共职责单位。2013年改革开始，第131战车团和第57步兵营“阿布鲁齐”被解散，第33野战炮兵团“阿奎”改组为第185伞兵炮兵团“福尔戈尔”。2014年，第2山炮兵团解散，随后第5高炮团“佩斯卡拉”和第47步兵团“费拉拉”于2015年解散。

作为改革的一部分，所有陆军学校、训练团和训练中心都将并入罗马新成立的陆军编队、专业化和条令司令部（Comando per la Formazione、Specializzazione e Dottrina dell'Esercito或 COMFORDOT）。然而，截至 2019 年 7 月，高山训练中心和跳伞训练中心仍分别隶属于高山部队司令部和福尔戈尔伞兵旅。

In 2013 the Army began a major reform. The three corp-level commands COMFOD 1, COMFOD 2 and COMALP were to disband, while the "Mantova" Division Command moved from Vittorio Veneto to Florence, where it was renamed as Division "Friuli", taking the name and traditions of the Air Assault Brigade "Friuli".[8] Together with the other two divisions Acqui and Tridentina the Friuli took command of operational brigades of the Italian Army.

The Logistic Projection Command was disbanded, and its units attached directly to the brigades. As part of the reform, the Army raised the Army Special Forces Command (COMFOSE) in Pisa, which took command of all Special Operations Forces of the Army. Furthermore, the Operational Terrestrial Forces Command (COMFOTER) in Verona was split on 1 October 2016 into the "Operational Land Forces Command and Army Operational Command" in Rome and the "Operational Land Forces Support Command" in Verona.

At the end of the reform the plan envisioned that the Army would consist of:

After the reform, each maneuver brigade, except the "Pozzuolo del Friuli" and "Sassari", was planned to field the following units: a command and signal unit with the brigade staff, one cavalry reconnaissance regiment, three combat maneuver regiments, one artillery regiment, one engineer regiment, and one logistic regiment.

The "Pozzuolo del Friuli" brigade was planned to merge with the "Friuli" brigade and field a cavalry reconnaissance regiment, an air-assault infantry regiment, an amphibious-assault infantry regiment, a reconnaissance helicopter regiment, an attack helicopter regiment, a field artillery regiment, an engineer regiment, a logistic regiment as well as the standard command and signal unit with the brigade staff.

The "Sassari" brigade would not field a cavalry reconnaissance regiment and an artillery regiment unless funds were to be found to raise these units on Sardinia. The "Granatieri di Sardegna" brigade was destined to disband, with its cavalry regiment joining the "Pinerolo" brigade. In contrast, the 1st Granatieri di Sardegna Regiment was planned to become a public duties unit under the Capital Military Command in Rome. In 2013 the reform started with the disbanding of the 131st Tank Regiment and the 57th Infantry Battalion "Abruzzi", while the 33rd Field Artillery Regiment "Acqui" was reformed as 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment "Folgore". In 2014 the 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment was disbanded, followed by the 5th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Pescara" and the 47th Infantry Regiment "Ferrara" in 2015.

As part of the reform, all army schools, training regiments and training centres were to be combined into the newly raised Army Formation, Specialisation and Doctrine Command (Comando per la Formazione, Specializzazione e Dottrina dell’Esercito or COMFORDOT) in Rome. However, as of July 2019, the Alpine Training Center and the Parachuting Training Center remain with the Alpine Troops Command and the Paratroopers Brigade Folgore, respectively.

2019年的变更 编辑

 
Italian 8th Alpini Regiment snipers in winter ghillie suits in 2019

由于2014年俄罗斯吞并克里米亚，欧洲安全局势发生变化，2013年的改革被暂停。“波佐洛德尔弗留利”旅和“弗留利”旅都没有合并，“撒丁岛格拉纳蒂耶里”旅也没有解散。2019年7月1日，军队正式结束了2013年的改革：同日在佛罗伦斯，“弗留利”师更名为“维托里奥·威尼托”师。至此，“弗留利”这个名字的传统又回到了“弗留利”空中机动旅，该旅与“波佐洛德尔弗留利”旅合并后被解散。[9]同样，“Granatieri di Sardegna”旅被解散，并决定该旅的第1“Granatieri di Sardegna”“团”的第二营将独立为第2掷弹兵营“Cengio”，并发展为到2020年，该旅将成为该旅全面恢复编制的第一步。

2020年1月10日，第31坦克团改组为“Cavalleggeri di Lodi”团（第15团） ，从而完成了“Pinerolo”机械化旅的转型。[10]

As the security situation in Europe had changed in 2014 with the Russian annexation of Crimea the 2013 reform was paused. Neither were the "Pozzuolo del Friuli", and "Friuli" brigades merged, nor was the "Granatieri di Sardegna" brigade disbanded. On 1 July 2019, the army officially ended the 2013 reform: on that date in Florence, the Division "Friuli" was renamed Division "Vittorio Veneto". With this, the traditions of the name "Friuli" returned to the Airmobile Brigade "Friuli", whose merger with the "Pozzuolo del Friuli" brigade was disbanded.[9] Likewise the disbanding of the "Granatieri di Sardegna" brigade was disbanded, and it was decided that the second battalion of the brigade's 1st "Granatieri di Sardegna" "Regiment" would become independent as 2nd Grenadier Battalion "Cengio" and grow to regiment by 2020 as first step to bring the brigade back to full strength.

On 10 January 2020 the 31st Tank Regiment was reformed as Regiment "Cavalleggeri di Lodi" (15th) thus completing the transformation of the Mechanized Brigade "Pinerolo".[10]

2023年的变更 编辑

2023 年的变化 2023年5月，两个可部署师司令部“阿奎”和“维托里奥·威尼托”以及陆军模拟和验证中心被分配给陆军地面作战指挥部和陆军作战司令部。[11] 2023年7月1日，首都军事司令部并入陆军地面作战指挥部和陆军作战司令部，同日更名为陆军作战司令部。[12]

In May 2023 the two deployable division commands "Acqui" and "Vittorio Veneto", as well as the Army Simulation and Validation Center were assigned to the Operational Land Forces Command and Army Operational Command.[11] On 1 July 2023 the Capital Military Command was merged into the Operational Land Forces Command and Army Operational Command, which on the same date changed its name to Operational Land Forces Command.[12]

参与反恐怖或维和行动 编辑

意大利陆军参与了援助遭受自然灾害的民众的行动。此外，它还为警察部队控制博尔扎诺/博曾省（1967年）、撒丁岛（“Forza Paris”1992年）和西西里岛（“Vespri Siciliani”1992年）的领土做出了显著贡献。以及在卡拉布里亚（1994）。目前，自9 月 11 日美国 发生袭击事件以来，它负责保护全国范围内的敏感目标和地点（“多米诺行动”） 。

军队也在联合国、北约和多国部队的支持下执行海外任务，例如黎巴嫩贝鲁特（1982年）、纳米比亚（1989年）、阿尔巴尼亚（ 1991年）、库尔德斯坦（1991）、索马里（1992） ）、莫桑比克（1993年）、波斯尼亚（1995年）、东帝汶和科索沃（皆在1999年）、刚果民主共和国（2001年）、达尔富尔（2003年）、阿富汗（2002年）、伊拉克（2003年）和黎巴嫩（2006 年）。（自 1980 年起，意大利在维和任务方面成为世界第三大派遣国，仅次于美国和英国。）[需要引文]

宪兵队曾经是陆军的高级军团，现在是一支自治武装部队（与陆军、海军和空军并列）。宪兵队为所有意大利武装部队 提供宪兵服务。

The Italian Army has participated in operations to aid populations hit by natural disasters. It has, moreover, supplied a remarkable contribution to the forces of police for the control of the territory of the province of Bolzano/Bozen (1967), in Sardinia ("Forza Paris" 1992), in Sicily ("Vespri Siciliani"1992) and in Calabria (1994). Currently, it protects sensitive objectives and places throughout the national territory ("Operazione Domino") since the September 11 attacks in the United States.

The army is also engaged in Missions abroad under the aegis of the UN, the NATO, and of Multinational forces, such as Beirut in Lebanon (1982), Namibia (1989), Albania (1991), Kurdistan (1991), Somalia (1992), Mozambique (1993), Bosnia (1995), East Timor and Kosovo (both in 1999), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2001), Darfur (2003), Afghanistan (2002), Iraq (2003) and Lebanon again (2006). (From 1980, Italy was the third major world contributor, after USA and the UK, in peacekeeping missions.)[来源请求]

The Carabinieri, once the senior corps of the Army, is now an autonomous armed force (alongside the Army, Navy and Air Force). The Carabinieri provide military police services to all the Italian armed forces.

指挥体系 编辑

 
7th Army Aviation Regiment "Vega" NH90 helicopter during a night-time mission

The Armed Forces of Italy are under the command of the Italian Supreme Defense Council, presided over by the President of the Italian Republic.

意大利武装部队受意大利最高国防委员会指挥，由意大利共和国总统主持。

各级军衔及阶级章 编辑

详细可另参考意大利陆军军衔（英语：Italian Army ranks）

意大利陆军的阶级章皆为肩章，下为各阶级肩章图像及中文/波兰文军衔名称对照表。

军官 编辑

北约代码 OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) Student officer
阶级标示                           无  
中文 意大利元帅（1947年废止） 上将（1997年设立） 中将，担负特殊职责 中将 少将 准将 上校 中校 少校 一级上尉 二级上尉 中尉 少尉 无设置　 学员
意大利文 Maresciallo d'Italia Generale Generale di Corpo d'Armata con Incarichi Speciali Generale di Corpo d'Armata Generale di Divisione Generale di Brigata Colonnello Tenente Colonnello Maggiore Primo capitano Capitano Tenente Sottotenente 无 Allievo Ufficiale

士官与士兵 编辑

北约代码 OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5
阶级标示                    
中文 首席准尉 上级准尉 资深准尉 一等准尉 二等准尉 三等准尉 资深士官长 士官长 上士 中士
意大利文 Primo luogotenente q.s. Luogotenente Primo maresciallo Maresciallo capo Maresciallo ordinario Maresciallo Sergente maggiore capo q.s. Sergente Maggiore Capo Sergente Maggiore Sergente
北约代码 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
阶级标示                
中文 特等下士 一等下士 二等下士一级 二等下士二级 三等下士 上等兵 一等兵 二等兵
意大利文 Caporale maggiore capo scelto q.s. Caporale maggiore capo scelto Caporale maggiore capo Caporale maggiore scelto Primo caporale maggiore Caporal Maggiore Caporale Soldato

Ranks are part of the uniform.

组织编制 编辑

可参考意大利陆军组织编制和意大利陆军部队列}

For the detailed structure of the Italian Army, see 意大利陆军组织编制.

Combat brigade locations of the Italian Army in 2023
 
2024年意大利陆军组织编制表

姓名 总部 亚基 

康福特	羅馬	 “阿奎”師
陸軍特種部隊司令部「維托里奧威尼托」師陸軍航空兵司令部



「弗留利」空中機動旅

陆军航空支援旅 

舒適的支撐	維羅納	 砲兵指揮

高炮指挥工兵指挥讯号指挥战术情报旅 


南方康福普公司	那不勒斯	 撒丁島機械化旅「奧斯塔」機械化旅「皮內羅洛」機械化旅「薩薩裡」機械化旅「加里波第」貝爾薩列裡旅




北康福普	帕多瓦	 騎兵旅“波佐洛德爾弗留利”第 132 裝甲旅“阿里埃特”傘兵旅“福爾戈”



康塔	博爾扎諾	 高山旅“Julia”高山旅“Taurinense”

NRDC - 義大利	米蘭	 NRDC-ITA 支援旅
康樂	羅馬	後勤支援司令部
康福特	羅馬
Name Headquarters Subunits
  COMFOTER Rome   Division "Acqui"

  Division "Vittorio Veneto"
  Army Special Forces Command
  Army Aviation Command

  COMFOTER SUPPORT Verona   Artillery Command
  Anti-aircraft Artillery Command
  Engineer Command
  Signal Command
  Tactical Intelligence Brigade
  COMFOP Sud Naples   Mechanized Brigade "Granatieri di Sardegna"
  Mechanized Brigade "Aosta"
  Mechanized Brigade "Pinerolo"
  Mechanized Brigade "Sassari"
  Bersaglieri Brigade "Garibaldi"
  COMFOP Nord Padua   Cavalry Brigade "Pozzuolo del Friuli"
  132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete"
  Paratroopers Brigade "Folgore"
  COMTA Bolzano   Alpine Brigade "Julia"
  Alpine Brigade "Taurinense"
  NRDC - Italy Milan   NRDC-ITA Support Brigade
  COMLOG Rome   Logistic Support Command
  COMFORDOT Rome

部队编制 编辑

 
意大利陆军旅、团、营级编制表

所有旅均已部署并持续部署在意大利境外的行动中。每个作战旅部署 3 至 5,000 名士兵。旅机动部队被指定为团，但野战人员和装备类似于大型营，由大型指挥和后勤支援连和一个战斗营组成。炮兵团部署了额外的监视、目标捕获和战术联络连。

每个完整的意大利陆军旅都配备以下单位：

旅部 指挥和战术支援营 指挥连 信号公司 骑兵团 指挥和后勤支援中队 装甲中队群 3× 侦察中队（每个中队配备 6× Centauro和 12× Puma 4×4（Centauros 将替换为 6× Freccia EVO Reconnaissance，Puma 替换为VTLM Lince II）[需要引用]） 重装甲中队（14×半人马座，（将被半人马座II取代）） 炮兵团 指挥和后勤支援组 监视、目标捕获和战术联络连（配有火炮雷达、无人机、前方观察员） 炮兵群 3× 榴弹炮连（各连 6× PzH2000或FH70榴弹炮） 消防和技术支援组（消防指挥中心） 工兵团 指挥与后勤支援连 工兵营 3×工兵连（战斗工兵） 部署支援公司（建筑、桥梁等） 后勤团 指挥与后勤支援连 后勤营 供应公司 维修公司 运输公司 根据旅的类型（轻型、中型、重型），每个旅都有三个机动营。目前，福尔戈尔、陶里尼塞和朱利亚各派出3个轻步兵团，皮内罗洛和奥斯塔各派出3个中型步兵团，加里波第和阿里埃特各派出2个，分别为1个重步兵团，以及1个，分别为2个坦克团。弗留利旅、萨萨里旅、撒丁岛旅的格拉纳蒂耶里旅和弗留利旅的波佐洛旅的结构与所有其他陆军团一样。然而，这四个旅并没有派出全部八个单位。

目前陆军机动团的编制如下：

轻步兵团（阿尔皮尼、拉古纳里、伞兵；以及第 66 步兵团） 指挥与后勤支援连 步兵营 3×步枪连（配备Puma 6×6、Bv206（Alpini）和VTLM Lince；每个连配备3×81毫米迫击炮和2× Spike MR发射器） 机动支援连（4× 120毫米迫击炮，4×Spike MR发射器） 中型步兵团（第5、第9、第62和第82步兵团；第3、第6和第7 Bersaglieri团） 指挥与后勤支援连 步兵营 3× 步枪连（每连配备 14× Freccia Combat、3× 81mm 迫击炮、2× Freccia Combat 反战车炮，附Spike LR和 2× Spike MR 发射器） 机动支援连（2× Freccia Combat，4× Freccia 迫击炮车，配备120 毫米迫击炮，4× Freccia Combat 反战车，配备 Spike LR 和 4× Spike MR 发射器，12x VTLM Lince 侦察角色） 重步兵团（第 1、第 8 和第 11 Bersaglieri 团；第 1 和第 2 掷弹兵团） 指挥与后勤支援连 步兵营 3× 步枪连（每连配备 14× Dardo IFV、3× 81mm 迫击炮、2× Dardo Spike LR） 机动支援连（2× Dardo IFV、4× M106 120mm 迫击炮车、4× Dardo Spike LR） 坦克团（第4、第32和第132坦克团） 指挥与后勤支援连 坦克营 3×坦克连（各连有13× Ariete 主战坦克） 萨萨里旅的三个步兵团中的两个仍装备为轻型团，而该旅的第3 Bersaglieri团已于2018年1月6日开始转为中型步兵团。第2团“Granatieri di Sardegna”于2022年9月1日重新启用作为轻型步兵团，一旦陆军购买新的履带式步兵战车，将转为重型团。 All brigades have been deployed and are continuously deployed in operations outside of Italy. Combat brigades field between 3–5,000 troops each. Brigade maneuver units are designated as regiments but field men and equipment similar to large battalions, consisting of large Command and Logistic Support Company and a combat battalion. Artillery regiments field an additional Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Tactical Liaison Battery.

Every complete Italian Army brigade fields the following units:

  • Brigade Headquarter
    • Command and Tactical Support Battalion
      • Command Company
      • Signal Company
    • Cavalry Regiment
      • Command and Logistic Support Squadron
      • Armored Squadrons Group
        • 3× Reconnaissance Squadrons (each with 6× Centauro and 12× Puma 4×4 (Centauros to be replaced with 6× Freccia EVO Reconnaissance and the Pumas with VTLM Lince II)[来源请求])
        • Heavy Armored Squadron (14× Centauro, (to be replaced with Centauro II))
    • Artillery Regiment
    • Engineer Regiment
      • Command and Logistic Support Company
      • Engineer Battalion
    • Logistic Regiment
      • Command and Logistic Support Company
      • Logistic Battalion
        • Supply Company
        • Maintenance Company
        • Transport Company

Depending on the type of brigade (light, medium, heavy) each brigade fields three maneuver battalions. Currently, the Folgore, Taurinense, and Julia each field three light infantry regiments, the Pinerolo and Aosta each field three medium infantry regiments, and the Garibaldi and Ariete field two, respectively one heavy infantry regiment, and one, respectively two tank regiments. The Friuli, Sassari, Granatieri di Sardegna and Pozzuolo del Friuli brigades' regiments are structured like all other army regiments. However, these four brigades do not field the full complement of eight units.

Currently the army's maneuver regiments are organized as follows:

  • Light Infantry Regiment (Alpini, Lagunari, Paratroopers; and 66th Infantry Regiment)
    • Command and Logistic Support Company
    • Infantry Battalion
      • 3× Rifle Companies (with Puma 6×6, Bv206 (Alpini), and VTLM Lince; each company with 3× 81mm mortars and 2× Spike MR launchers)
      • Maneuver Support Company (4× 120mm mortars, 4× Spike MR launchers)
  • Medium Infantry Regiment (5th, 9th, 62nd, and 82nd infantry regiments; 3rd, 6th, and 7th Bersaglieri regiments)
    • Command and Logistic Support Company
    • Infantry Battalion
      • 3× Rifle Companies (each with 14× Freccia Combat, 3× 81mm mortars, 2× Freccia Combat Anti-tank with Spike LR and 2× Spike MR launchers)
      • Maneuver Support Company (2× Freccia Combat, 4× Freccia Mortar Carrier with 120mm mortar, 4× Freccia Combat Anti-tank with Spike LR and 4× Spike MR launchers, 12x VTLM Lince reconnaissance role)
  • Heavy Infantry Regiment (1st, 8th, and 11th Bersaglieri regiments; 1st and 2nd Grenadier regiments)
    • Command and Logistic Support Company
    • Infantry Battalion
      • 3× Rifle Companies (each with 14× Dardo IFV, 3× 81mm mortars, 2× Dardo Spike LR)
      • Maneuver Support Company (2× Dardo IFV, 4× M106 120mm mortar carriers, 4× Dardo Spike LR)
  • Tank Regiment (4th, 32nd, and 132nd tank regiments)
    • Command and Logistic Support Company
    • Tank Battalion

Two of the three infantry regiments of the Sassari brigade are still equipped as light regiments, while the brigade's 3rd Bersaglieri Regiment has begun the switch to medium infantry regiment on 6 January 2018. The 2nd Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna" was reactivated on 1 September 2022 as a light infantry regiment and will switch to heavy regiment once new tracked infantry fighting vehicles will be acquired by the army.

现役装备 编辑

可参考意大利陆军装备清单

制服服制 编辑

可参考意大利武装部队制服服制和意大利陆军军服领章形式 意大利陆军使用的制服可分为四个不同的“系列”，并对制服的纺织品类型、颜色和徽章有严格的规定。其中包括： 常规制服（唯一包含季节性变化的制服） ）、军服、军服、礼仪服（限官员）。

常规制服 常规制服有夏季和冬季版本，仅在所用纺织品上有所不同。单排扣夹克有四个扣环和四个口袋，裤子采用经典剪裁和正面褶皱，有五个口袋。汗衫还有两个小口袋。制服由领带、棕色皮手套、棕色鞋子、卡其色袜子和帽子或头饰组成。

服役制服 夏季和冬季常服的剪裁和颜色与常规制服相同，而现役军人总是使用制服中包含的特殊头饰。

服役作战服 军种作战服是四个“系列”中最常用的，并分发给所有具有相同模仿图案的士兵（伞兵有不同的型号，肩部有加强）。制服包括贝雷帽、带有两个内部口袋的五纽带夹克和带四个口袋的裤子。制服的配件包括手套、特殊鞋类以及短袖或长袖 T 恤（取决于季节）。

礼仪制服 礼仪制服包括一件双排扣夹克，有六个纽带，臀部有两个口袋。裤子采用经典剪裁，采用相同的夹克布料。冬季版本可以搭配蓝色披风步兵、黑色硬帽子、白色手套和黑色鞋子一起佩戴。其他配件如领带、浅蓝色围巾和军刀使制服更加完整。 The Italian Army uses uniforms that can be divided into four different "families", and hold strict rules that apply to the type of textile, color and badge of the uniforms.. These include: the Regular Uniform (the only one that includes seasonal variations), the Service Uniform, the Service Combat Uniform, and the Ceremonial Uniform (only for officials).

军常服 编辑

The Regular Uniform comes in summer and winter versions differing exclusively in textiles used. A single-breasted jacket with four buttons and four pockets, and trousers with a classic cut and front pleats with five pockets. The undershirt also has two small pockets. The uniform is completed by a necktie, brown leather gloves, brown shoes, khaki socks, and a cap or headdress.

军便服 编辑

The summer and winter Service Uniform have identical cuts and colors to the Regular uniform, while active military personnel always utilize a special headdress included with the uniform.

战斗服 编辑

The Service Combat Uniform is most commonly used out of the four "families" and is distributed to all soldiers with the same mimetic pattern (paratroopers have a different model with strengthening on the shoulders). The uniform comprises a beret, a five-button closure jacket with two internal pockets, and trousers with four pockets. Accessories completing the uniform include gloves, special footwear and a t-shirt with short or long sleeves, depending on the season.

军礼服 编辑

The Ceremonial Uniform includes a double-breasted jacket with six buttons and two pockets on the hips. Trousers come with a classic cut, having the same jacket fabric. The winter version can be worn with the blue cape infantry, a black rigid cap, white gloves and black shoes. Other accessories such as the necktie, a light blue scarf and a sabre complete the uniform.

当前行动概况 编辑

 
Sassari Mechanized Brigade soldiers on patrol with a VBM Freccia in Afghanistan
 
3rd Alpini Regiment soldiers near Shindand in Afghanistan

第二次世界大战后，意大利签署的和平条约禁止该国在战争结束后的二十五年内在海外行动中部署军队，也禁止拥有固定翼舰载飞机。

该条约于 1970 年到期，但直到 1982 年，意大利才首次在外国领土上部署军队，并应联合国请求向贝鲁特派遣了一支维和特遣队。自1980年代以来，意大利军队与其他西方国家一起参与了世界各地的维和行动，特别是在非洲、巴尔干半岛和中东地区。

自二战以来，意大利陆军没有参与重大作战行动。然而，意大利特种部队作为“尼比奥”特遣部队的一部分参与了阿富汗的反塔利班行动。1950 年与朝鲜发生战争时，意大利还不是联合国会员国。

意大利确实参与了1990-91年的海湾战争，但只是透过向沙特阿拉伯部署了八架意大利空军帕纳维亚龙卷风IDS轰炸机；冲突结束后 ，意大利陆军部队随后被部署援助伊拉克北部的库尔德族难民。

作为应对9 月 11 日袭击的持久自由行动的一部分，意大利为阿富汗的国际行动做出了贡献。意大利军队为国际安全援助部队、北约驻阿富汗部队以及省级重建队做出了贡献，已有 53 名意大利士兵在国际安全援助部队的领导下阵亡。意大利派出4,200名士兵，包括负责保护国际安全援助部队总部的第二阿尔皮尼团的一个步兵连、一个工兵连、一个核生化排、一个后勤分队，以及纳入行动指挥链的联络和参谋人员。

意大利军队也指挥一支多国工兵特遣部队，并部署了一个排的意大利宪兵。意大利领导阿富汗西部地区司令部，其总部位于赫拉特的阿雷纳营基地。意大利空军部署了约 30 架飞机，包括直升机和飞机：四架AMX Ghibli和两架RQ-1A Predator（用于近距离空中支援和情报任务）、Alenia C-27J Spartan、波音 CH-47C Chinook、NH90和洛克希德 C- 130架大力士，用于运输任务；贝尔 UH-1N Twin Huey和阿古斯塔 A129CBT Mangusta用于为部队执行火力支援任务。

意大利陆军没有参与2003年第二次海湾战争的作战行动，直到2003年5月1日美国总统 布希宣布主要作战行动结束后才派遣部队。随后，意大利军队于2003年夏末抵达并开始在纳西里耶及周边地区巡逻。2006年5月26日，意大利外交部长马西莫·达莱马宣布，意大利军队将在6月前削减至1,600人。截至 2006 年 6 月，已有 32 名意大利军人在伊拉克丧生，其中单次伤亡最惨重的是 2003 年 11 月 12 日发生的一次针对意大利宪兵部队总部的自杀式汽车爆炸事件，造成十几名宪兵、五名陆军士兵、两名意大利士兵和两名意大利士兵丧生。八名伊拉克平民死亡。[需要引用]

截至2006年，意大利在阿富汗、科索沃、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那以及黎巴嫩执行维持和平和执行和平任务的部署军队数量位居世界第三，仅次于美国和英国。[需要引用]

A post-World War II peace treaty signed by Italy prevented the country from deploying military forces in overseas operations as well as possessing fixed-wing vessel-based aircraft for twenty-five years following the end of the war.

This treaty expired in 1970, but it would not be until 1982 that Italy first deployed troops on foreign soil, with a peacekeeping contingent dispatched to Beirut following a United Nations request for troops. Since the 1980s, Italian troops have participated with other Western countries in peacekeeping operations across the world, especially in Africa, Balkan Peninsula, and the Middle East.

The Italian Army has not engaged in major combat operations since World War II. However, Italian Special Forces have taken part in anti-Taliban operations in Afghanistan as part of Task Force 'Nibbio'. Italy was not yet a member of the United Nations in 1950 at the time of the war with North Korea.

Italy did take part in the 1990–91 Gulf War but solely through the deployment of eight Italian Air Force Panavia Tornado IDS bomber jets to Saudi Arabia; Italian Army troops were subsequently deployed to assist Kurdish refugees in northern Iraq following the conflict.

As part of Operation Enduring Freedom in response to the September 11 attacks, Italy contributed to the international operation in Afghanistan. Italian forces have contributed to ISAF, the NATO force in Afghanistan, and a Provincial reconstruction team, and 53 Italian soldiers have died under ISAF. Italy has sent 4200 troops, based on one infantry company from the 2nd Alpini Regiment tasked to protect the ISAF HQ, one engineer company, one NBC platoon, one logistic unit, as well as liaison and staff elements integrated into the operation chain of command.

Italian forces also command a multinational engineer task force and have deployed a platoon of Italian military police. Italy leads the Regional Command West in Afghanistan, and its HQ is located in Herat at Camp Arena base. Italian Air Force deployed about 30 aircraft, both helicopters and planes: four AMX Ghibli and two RQ-1A Predator that are used in close air support and intelligence missions, Alenia C-27J Spartan, Boeing CH-47C Chinook, NH90 and Lockheed C-130 Hercules, which are used in transport missions; Bell UH-1N Twin Huey and Agusta A129CBT Mangusta are used in missions of fire support to the troops.

The Italian Army did not take part in combat operations of the 2003 Second Gulf War, dispatching troops only after May 1, 2003 – when major combat operations were declared over by the U.S. President George W. Bush. Subsequently, Italian troops arrived in the late summer of 2003 and began patrolling Nasiriyah and the surrounding area. On 26 May 2006, Italian foreign minister Massimo d'Alema announced that the Italian forces would be reduced to 1,600 by June. As of June 2006, 32 Italian troops have been killed in Iraq – with the greatest single loss of life coming on November 12, 2003 – a suicide car bombing of the Italian Carabinieri Corps HQ left a dozen Carabinieri, five Army soldiers, two Italian and eight Iraqi civilians dead.[来源请求]

As of 2006, Italy ranks third in the world in the number of deployed military forces operating in peacekeeping and peace-enforcing scenarios in Afghanistan, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Lebanon, behind the United States and the United Kingdom.[来源请求]

A recent[何时？] law promoted recruitment in the Italian Army, giving volunteers a chance to find post-service careers in the Carabinieri, Italian State Police, Italian Finance Police, Fire Department and other state bodies.[来源请求]

可另参看之条目 编辑

注释 编辑

  1. ^ Rapporto Esercito 2018 (PDF). Esercito Italiano. [25 April 2019]. 
  2. ^ Keegan, John. The first World War; An Illustrated History. London: Hutchinson. 2001. ISBN 0-09-179392-0. , p.319
  3. ^ Bierman, John; Smith, Colin. War without Hate: The Desert Campaign of 1940–1943 New. New York: Penguin Books. 2003 [2002]. ISBN 978-0-14-200394-7.  pp.13–14
  4. ^ Walker, Ian W. Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts; Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa. Ramsbury: The Crowood Press. 2003. ISBN 1-86126-646-4. , pp.9–29
  5. ^ The Birth of AFSOUTH. 93.63.251.100. [13 January 2022]. （原始内容存档于31 March 2012）. 
  6. ^ Chapter 9. NATO the first five years 1949–1954. NATO. [2008-11-03]. （原始内容存档于2008-11-10）. 
  7. ^ 31 marzo 1972. Riordino degli Alti Comandi Militari (PDF). Italian Parliament. [23 December 2017]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-12-23）. 
  8. ^ Notizie, Eventi – Esercito Italiano. Esercito.difesa.it. [2016-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-19）. 
  9. ^ La Friuli diventa Vittorio Veneto. Italian Army. [12 August 2019]. 
  10. ^ A Lecce arriva il Reggimento "Cavalleggeri di Lodi" (15°). Italian Army. [10 January 2020]. 
  11. ^ Comando Operativo delle Forze Terrestri. Italian Army. [6 July 2023]. 
  12. ^ Cambio al vertice del COMFOTER. Italian Army. [6 July 2023]. 

外部链接 编辑

 
维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：Jdam-mk84/意大利陆军
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