猶太教四大聖城

猶太教四大聖城希伯來語ארבע ערי הקודש‎, 意第緒語פיר רוס שטעט‎)是16世紀鄂圖曼帝國征服巴勒斯坦之後猶太人對於猶太教義中心的四座主要城市的合稱,包含耶路撒冷希伯侖采法特提比里亞四城。「聖城」這一稱謂可以追溯至16世紀40年代,當時在猶太人的語境中指代的是耶路撒冷、希伯侖、采法特三座城市,提比里亞則在稍晚的17世紀40年代才被列入這一範疇。[1]

一幅描繪猶太教四大聖城的地圖:耶路撒冷位於右上方,其下是希伯侖,約旦河自上而下流過,采法特位於左上角,提比里亞在左下方。圖中繪有各城具有代表性的宗教建築或是聖人的墳墓。

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根據1906年《猶太百科全書》記載:「自16世紀開始,聖地的神聖性……基本上均是指代四座城市——耶路撒冷、希伯侖、提比里亞和采法特。」[2]

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參考資料

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  1. ^ Wigoder, Geoffrey (編). The Encyclopedia of Judaism. Macmillan: 768. 1989. Term applied to the Erets Israel cities of Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed and Tiberias. These were the four main centers of Jewish life after the Ottoman conquest of 1516. The concept of the holy cities dates only from the 1640s, when the Jewish communities of Jerusalem, Hebron, and Safed organized an association to improve the system of fundraising in the Diaspora. Previously, such fundraising had been undertaken by individual institutions; now it was agreed that the emissaries would be sent on behalf of each urban Jewish community as a whole, with not more than one emissary per town. After Tiberias was refounded in 1740, it also joined the association. This arrangement did not last long, however, and by the mid-19th century there was no authority strong enough to enforce a centralized collection of ḥalukkah funds. The term "Four Holy Cities" became a convenient designation by historians rather than the title of an actual functioning body. In Jewish tradition, going back to ancient times, the only city regarded as holy is Jerusalem 
  2. ^ Palestine, Holiness Of頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) by Joseph Jacobs, Judah David Eisenstein. Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906 ed.
  3. ^ Why Do Jews Love Jerusalem?頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) by Yeruchem Eilfort. Chabad.org/ Ideas & Beliefs/Questions & Answers/Mitzvot & Jewish Customs
  4. ^ 耶路撒冷地位. 以色列外交部. 1999-03-14 [2007-02-12]. (原始內容存檔於2007-03-02). 
  5. ^ Dov Noy; Dan Ben-Amos; Ellen Frankel. Folktales of the Jews: Tales from the Sephardic dispersion. Jewish Publication Society. November 2006: 66 [17 October 2010]. ISBN 978-0-8276-0829-0. (原始內容存檔於2019-01-06). 
  6. ^ Henry W. Bellows. The Old World in Its New Face: Impressions of Europe in 1867-1868, Volume II. BiblioBazaar, LLC. 2008: 337 [17 October 2010]. ISBN 978-0-559-64379-8.