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條目名稱是 湯姆·莫納漢

  關於其他名為「湯姆·莫納漢」的人物，請見「湯姆·莫納漢 (消歧義)」。
湯姆·莫納漢
Tom Monaghan
出生 (1937-03-25) 1937年3月25日（87歲）
安阿伯，密西根州
母校密西根大學

托馬斯•史蒂芬•「湯姆」•莫納漢(英語：Thomas Stephen "Tom" Monaghan，1937年3月25日—），美國企業家，於1960年創始達美樂比薩餅。他亦於1983至1992年擁有底特律老虎隊。

莫納干是一位羅馬天主教教徒，他於1998年出售了達美樂後便將其精力和金錢投入到天主教事業中。在經歷了一場反墮胎運動的奮鬥和其它保守事業後，莫納干已將數億美元投入了這些事業。[1]

他同他的妻子Marjorie Zybach於1962年結婚，有4名成年女兒。

早年生活

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莫納漢4歲那年便失去了父親[2]，之後，其母便艱難地撫養他長大。1943年莫納干年僅6歲，同他的弟弟被送入孤兒院，直到母親在1949年將他們領回。[3]這個孤兒院「聖約瑟夫兒童之家」（St. Joseph Home for Children）位於密西根州傑克遜市，由Felician Sisters of Livonia運營。當時有一名修女鼓動莫納干信奉天主教，他隨後飽含著成為一位神父的渴望，進入了米遜的小修道院。後來，他因一系列的違規行為被修道院開除。

莫納干本想參加陸軍，卻在1956年被陰差陽錯地招募進美國海軍陸戰隊。[3]1959年他榮譽退役。

達美樂比薩餅

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莫納干1959年回到了密西根州安阿伯市，並登記進入密西根大學，打算當一名建築師。當時仍舊身為學生的他和弟弟詹姆斯花費900美元購進位於密西根州伊普西蘭蒂市的一家名叫「多米尼克」的小比薩餅店。「我開始走出建築學院，投入到比薩生意上來，好支撐我的學業支出。」他曾回憶到。

1989年，美國全國婦女組織呼籲抵制達美樂，原因在於莫納干對流產的積極反對。不過這次事件到底產生了多大影響並不清楚，如果有的話，就是在公司的銷量上了。

1998年，莫納干將自己對達美樂比薩的控制性股份出售給貝恩資本，一家總部位于波士頓的投資公司。據估計價格在100萬美元左右。達美樂比薩是一家美國餐飲連鎖，這個國際比薩外送公司將其總部設在位於美國密西根州安阿伯市附近的安阿伯小鎮的達美樂農場辦公園區（此園區本身為達美樂聯合創始人湯姆•莫納干所有）

Gyrene漢堡公司

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2011年12月，莫納漢創立Gyrene漢堡公司，開始著手打造他的第二個快餐品牌[4]。軍事主題的漢堡外送的概念是莫納漢對其海軍陸戰隊生涯的回顧。公司名稱中的詞語「Gyrene」是20世紀40至50年代對海軍陸戰隊的戲稱。創辦初期，莫納漢為海軍陸戰隊員和其它軍種的退伍軍人提供了特別優惠。該品牌旗艦店位于田納西州的諾克斯維爾。 [5][6]

休閒

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莫納漢從達美樂比薩中積累的財富讓他過上了奢侈的生活。然而在讀過一篇由C.S.劉易斯（來自純粹基督教[2]思想）撰寫的文章後，莫納漢從他那奢侈的財富中脫身，這當中包括了1992年賣掉的底特律老虎隊。[3]他放棄了位於達美樂總部的奢華辦公室（其內鋪有皮革地板，配有數組昂貴的弗蘭克·勞埃德·賴特家具），並將其轉變成一間企業接待室。他也停止建造了將作為宅邸的巨大的賴特風格豪宅（該房屋仍然是半成品）。[3]

底特律老虎隊

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1983年，莫納漢買下了一年前剛剛贏得世界大賽的底特律老虎隊。他與美國職業棒球聯盟執行長鮑伊·庫恩日漸親密，後者至今仍是其親密的友人、商業夥伴和他眾多慈善事業的參與者。[7]莫納漢最終將老虎隊於1992年售予他的競爭對手，小凱撒比薩的麥克·伊里奇(英語：Mike Ilitch）。莫納漢1986年的自傳結合了他所熱衷的比薩餅和棒球，書名為《比薩虎》。他作出了一個備受指責且最終極具顛覆性的決定：解僱傳奇的播音員厄尼·哈維爾。

Frank Lloyd Wright

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莫納漢是弗蘭克·勞埃德·賴特建築的粉絲，因而位於密西根州安阿伯小鎮的達美樂比薩總部與賴特的Prairie School建築風格極其相似，只不過適應了更大的規模。他一直是賴特文物的最重要的收藏家之一，其藏品包括花費160萬美元購入的一張橡木餐桌及其椅子。[8]他甚至購買了密西根州的德拉蒙德島的一部分，在那裡他創立了一個按照賴特風格設計的私人度假村綜合體特色建築群。

其他

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莫納漢的另外一項奢侈財產就是汽車，他的收藏一度包括了一輛僅生產了六輛的布加迪Royale，該車是他在1986年以810萬美元購入的。

在20世紀90年代初，他還建立了一支前往宏都拉斯山城的代表團，並資助和監督在尼加拉瓜馬那瓜的新教堂建設，而老教堂已毀於1972年的地震。[9]

天主教慈善事業和激進主義

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莫納漢是一名天主教徒，對反墮胎運動尤為熱衷。他建立或協助建立了一些天主教組織和天主教教育機構。1987年莫納漢在他位於梵蒂岡的私人天主教教堂里接受了來自教宗若望·保祿二世的聖餐禮。作曲家史蒂芬·愛德華茲譜寫的管弦樂《萬福瑪麗亞彌撒》[10]被莫納漢委託「用音樂的方式來表達萬福瑪麗亞大學和萬福瑪麗亞法律學院建立背後的精神承諾」。這一彌撒被錄製後於2002年發行了CD，由該作曲家獻給9.11事件的受害者。莫納漢公開倡議每天出席彌撒，每天念珠，頻繁進行神聖的懺悔。他還承諾將他價值10億美元的財富用於慈善事業。

天主教組織

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1983年，他成立了Mater Christi基金會，今天被稱為萬福瑪麗亞基金會[11]，專注於天主教教育天主教媒體、社區項目和其他天主教慈善。1987年他幫助組建了Legatus[12]，一個由年薪超過400萬美元，信奉天主教的公司總裁組成的組織[13]，來促進和支持「與羅馬天主教教義相一致的商業道德操守，這樣眾生都能得到提高。」該組織的名字取自意為「軍團司令」的拉丁詞。Legatus是為「一流的天主教商界領袖」所設立的精神資源和社會團體。

他的1987年梵蒂岡之行令他感動不已，為此他回到美國後致力於促進天主教信仰。他很快建立了萬福瑪麗亞廣播[14]，Ave Maria List[15]反墮胎政治運動委員會以及托馬斯·摩爾法律中心（一家公益律師事務所，致力於促進社會保守問題，如反墮胎、同性婚姻和世俗主義等）。

萬福瑪麗亞基金會捐助了資源來幫助降低中美洲和南美洲的貧困水平。此外，他的基金會建立了Spiritus Sanctus學院[16]。該小學由Dominican Sisters of Mary, Mother of the Eucharist管理[17]。這一教育修女的秩序已從莫納漢的慈善事業中受益。10年間它成長迅速，修女數量從4人增加到70人。

The Ave Maria Foundation has subsequently fine-tuned its focus to higher education, and has established both a university and a law school.[18] Along with that change in focus, many of the other non-profit entities that the Ave Maria Foundation established have become independent or are in the process of being weaned from Ave Maria Foundation grants. This narrowing of focus and the recent geographic re-alignment to Florida (see below) have ignited no small amount of controversy among those who share his religious convictions.

Mr. Monaghan is reputed to be a member of Opus Dei and has been aligned with a number of other conservative Catholic organizations and causes.[19][20]

Monaghan is a donor to Priests for Life, a Roman Catholic pro-life organization.[21] He is a knight of magistral grace in the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.

Ave Maria School of Law

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The Ave Maria School of Law,[22] previously located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, opened its doors in 2000, and received full accreditation from the American Bar Association in 2005. The school was a dream of several professors from the Catholic University of Detroit Mercy, who publicly left that institution when it allowed several pro-choice members of the Michigan Supreme Court to appear at the school's annual "Red Mass." Professors Stephen Safranek, Mollie Murphy, Richard Myers and Joseph Falvey, setting out to form a new fundamentalist Catholic law school, presented their idea to Monaghan (who had previously been a strong supporter of opening a new law school at Franciscan University) to provide significant funding through his Ave Maria Foundation. Together they enlisted Bernard Dobranski, Dean at The Catholic University of America's law school and former Dean of Detroit Mercy's Law School, to lead up the new school as dean. Monaghan served as president of the school's Board of Governors.

Faculty members have included conservative legal scholar and Supreme Court nominee Judge Robert Bork. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia assisted in developing the school's curriculum, and the school's first annual Ave Maria Lecture was presented by Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas in 1999. The school's stated goal is to educate competent "moral" attorneys who will influence all aspects of the legal profession and advance natural law theory. The Ave Maria Law School graduated its last Michigan class in Spring of 2009 and relocated to Naples, Florida permanently immediately thereafter.[18]

Ave Maria College

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As a step to fulfilling his dream of creating a new Catholic university, Monaghan founded Ave Maria College[23] in Ypsilanti, Michigan. In various attempts to accelerate accreditation, Monaghan acquired St. Mary's College of Orchard Lake and a campus in Nicaragua, renamed Ave Maria College of the Americas.

Due to lack of funding, the college, against faculty and student protests, closed in 2007. Alternative funding was not secured to prevent the school's closure. St. Mary's College was sold and is now under the auspices of nearby Madonna University.

Ave Maria University, Florida

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In early 2002 Monaghan sought to establish the Ave Maria University[24] in Ann Arbor, at Domino's Farms, the large corporate office park that he owned and leased to Domino's Pizza. The plans included a 250-foot crucifix, taller than the Statue of Liberty.[2] Local officials refused to approve the zoning change, forcing him to look elsewhere for a site. Eventually community leaders in Collier County, Florida, offered him a large undeveloped tract of land thirty miles east of Naples, Florida to develop the university.[18]

In February 2006, ground was broken for the new Catholic university and town, Ave Maria, Florida.[25] A joint venture, in which Monaghan is a 50% partner with developer Barron Collier, controls all non-university real estate in the town, and plans to build 11,000 homes and several business districts. Pulte Homes has been signed up to build most of the private homes. Monaghan said in 2005 that any town retailers would not be allowed to sell contraceptives or pornography, a statement that drew legal and moral criticism from the ACLU.[26]

Threatened with lawsuits, Monaghan and the developers went on a national public relations campaign in March 2007 to retract the notion that Catholic doctrine could ever be enforced as law.[27] Defenders of Wildlife also challenged the development, stating it is destroying habitat of the endangered Florida Panther.[28]

Ave Maria Mutual Funds

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Monaghan helped to establish the Ave Maria Mutual Funds by asking friend George P. Schwartz of Schwartz Investment Counsel, Inc. to launch the Ave Maria Catholic Values Fund in May 2001. There are now five Ave Maria Mutual Funds. They are described as targeted at investors seeking to place their money in companies whose operations are in keeping with the core teachings of the Catholic Church. The fund calls their shareholders "morally responsible investors." The funds are open to individual investors with a $1,000 minimum investment.

Monaghan is a member of the Catholic Advisory Board. The board sets the religious criteria that screen companies before the funds will invest in them. Involvement with contraception, non-marital partner employee benefits, pornography, and abortion are some issues that disqualify a company from the fund. Lou Holtz, Larry Kudlow, Michael Novak, Phyllis Schlafly and Paul Roney are the other members of the Funds' Catholic Advisory Board. Cardinal Adam Maida (of the Archdiocese of Detroit) is the board's ecclesiastic advisor.

Political support

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Monaghan has been active in Republican Party politics, and was one of the key financial backers of Sam Brownback in his 2008 presidential campaign.[29]

另見

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參考資料

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  1. ^ Marchetti, Domenica. Delivering on His Word. The Chronicle of Philanthropy. 1999-10-07 [2007-03-24]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mariah Blake, AlterNet/Washington Monthly, 8 September 2009, How an Eccentric Right-Wing Pizza Billionaire's Attempt to Build Catholic Law School Ended in Disaster
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Boyer, Peter J., "The Deliverer", The New Yorker, February 19, 2007, abstract
  4. ^ http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-07-03/dominos-little-caesars-pizza-founders-contrasting-legacies
  5. ^ http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2011/nov/24/tom-monaghan-gyrene-hamburger-delivery-dominos-new/
  6. ^ http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/jun/25/haynesworth-bringing-burger-franchise-strip/
  7. ^ Bowie Kuhn, Requiescat in Pace. 2007-03-16 [2007-03-24]. 
  8. ^ Holbert, Ginny. The Wright price—Monaghan's deals raise stakes. Chicago Sun Times. 1990-04-01 [2007-03-26]. 
  9. ^ DOMINO'S FOUNDATION Membership, Structure, Finances As a private foundation, Domino's Foun. Skepticfiles.org. [2012-05-24]. 
  10. ^ Ave Maria Mass at AquinasAndMore.com
  11. ^ The Ave Maria Foundation.
  12. ^ About Legatus.
  13. ^ http://tech.mit.edu/V111/N18/birnby.18o.html "Domino's CEO uses company funds to finance cult". The Tech Online Edition.
  14. ^ Ave Maria Radio = WDEO (AM).
  15. ^ Ave Maria List.
  16. ^ The Spiritus Sanctus Academies.
  17. ^ The Dominican Sisters of Mary Mother of the Eucharist.
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Sparks, Evan. New U.. Philanthropy. Spring 2012 [5 June 2012]. 
  19. ^ Pierce, Charles P. The Crusaders: A powerful faction of religious and political conservatives is waging a latter-day counterreformation, battling widespread efforts to liberalize the American Catholic Church. And it has the clout and the connections to succeed.. The Boston Globe. November 2, 2003 [February 19, 2011]. 
  20. ^ Domino's CEO uses company funds to finance cul 111 (18). The Tech Boston. April 9, 1991 [February 19, 2011]. 
  21. ^ Father Frank's Crusade
  22. ^ The Ave Maria School of Law.
  23. ^ Ave Maria College.
  24. ^ Ave Maria University.
  25. ^ Ave Maria, Florida.
  26. ^ "Halfway to Heaven: A Catholic millionaire's dream town draws fire", Newsweek, February 27, 2006.
  27. ^ CassStevens, David. New town is also 'one big congregation'. Fort Worth Star-Telegram. 2007-08-06 [2007-08-28].  [失效連結]
  28. ^ Conservation Group Calls on Federal Agencies to Protect Critical Florida Panther Habitat (新聞稿). Defenders of Wildlife. 2007-02-20 [2007-07-25]. 
  29. ^ "Sam Brownback's Inner Circle"

外部連結

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