双臼椎龙科
双臼椎龙科（属名：Polycotylidae）是蛇颈龙目的其中一个科，是群大型蛇颈龙类，生存于白垩纪，并且是长锁龙科的姐妹分类。
双臼椎龙科 化石时期：
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| 三尖股龙，生存于白垩纪晚期的堪萨斯州 | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 爬行纲 Reptilia |
| 目： | †蛇颈龙目 Plesiosauria |
| 演化支： | †新蛇颈龙类 Neoplesiosauria |
| 亚目： | †蛇颈龙亚目 Plesiosauroidea |
| 科： | †双臼椎龙科 Polycotylidae Williston, 1909 |
| 属 | |
双臼椎龙科包含相当多的种类。双臼椎龙科拥有较短的颈部与大且瘦长的头部，乍看之下它们类似上龙类；不过一些系统发生学研究显示它们与蛇颈龙亚目拥有更多共同特征。它们的化石分布在世界各地，包括美国、加拿大、日本、摩洛哥、澳洲、新西兰、南美洲、以及俄罗斯等地区[1]。
种系发生学 编辑
| 蛇颈龙目 |
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以下演化树来自于2010年的蛇颈龙类种系发生学研究[4]：
| 蛇颈龙亚目 |
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| 蛇颈龙亚目 |
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本科包括以下属：
- Ceraunosaurus Thurmond, 1968
- 长喙龙属 Dolichorhynchops Williston, 1902
- 埃德加龙属 Edgarosaurus Druckenmiller, 2002
- 始双臼椎龙属 Eopolycotylus Albright, Gillette & Titus, 2007
- Georgiasaurus Ochev, 1977
- 曙泳龙 Manemergus Buchy, Métayer & Frey, 2005
- Mauriciosaurus Frey, Mulder, Stinnesbeck, Rivera-Sylva, Padilla Gutierrez & González González, 2017
- Mauriciosaurus fernandezi Frey, Mulder, Stinnesbeck, Rivera-Sylva, Padilla-Gutiérrez & González-González, 2017[6]
- Pahasapasaurus Schumacher, 2007
- Palmula Albright, Gillette & Titus, 2007
- 跗节龙属 Palmulasaurus Albright, Gillette & Titus, 2007
- 双臼椎龙属 Polycotylus Cope, 1869
- 蛇鳄龙属 Serpentisuchops Persons, Street & Kelley, 2022
- Sulchusuchus Gasparini & Spalletti, 1990
- Sulcusuchus Gasparini & Spalletti, 1990
- 水神龙属 Thililua Bardet, Pereda Suberbiola & Jalil, 2003
- 三尖股龙属 Trinacromerum Cragin, 1888
参考资料 编辑
- ^ Druckenmiller, Patrick S. and Russell, Anthony P. Earliest North American Occurrence Of Polycotylidae (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) From The Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada (PDF). Journal of Paleontology. 2009, 83 (6): 361–392. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-06）.
- ^ Albright III, L. B., Gillette, D. D., and Titus, A. L., 2007b. Plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) Tropic Shale of southern Utah, part 2: polycotylidae 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2011-09-28.. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 27, n. 1, p. 41-58.
- ^ Schumacher, B. A., 2007, A new polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous; lower upper Cenomanian), Black Hills, South Dakota: In: The Geology and Paleontology of the Late Cretaceous marine deposits of the Dakotas, edited by Martin, J. E., and Parris, D. C., The Geological Society of America, Special Paper 427, p. 133-146.
- ^ Ketchum, H. F., and Benson, R. B. J. Global interrelationships of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) and the pivotal role of taxon sampling in determining the outcome of phylogenetic analyses. Biological Reviews. 2010, 85: 361–392. PMID 20002391. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00107.x.
- ^ Hilary F. Ketchum and Roger B. J. Benson. A new pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Oxford Clay Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of England: evidence for a gracile, longirostrine grade of Early-Middle Jurassic pliosaurids. Special Papers in Palaeontology. 2011, 86: 109–129. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01083.x.
- ^ Eberhard Frey, Eric W.A. Mulder, Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, Héctor E. Rivera-Sylva, José Manuel Padilla-Gutiérrez and Arturo Homero González-González. 2017. A New Polycotylid Plesiosaur with Extensive Soft Tissue Preservation from the early Late Cretaceous of northeast Mexico. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 69(1); 87–134.
- Palæos: The Vertebrates, Lepidosauromorpha: Cryptocleidoidea: Tricleidia