腕足动物门

腕足動物門; 化石时期：寒武紀–現今 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	位於澳大利亞大堡礁斯特德布鲁克岛的鴨嘴海豆芽
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
总门：	冠輪動物總門 Lophotrochozoa
演化支：	触手冠动物 Lophophorata
演化支：	泛腕足動物 Brachiozoa
门：	腕足動物門 Brachiopoda; Duméril（英语：André Marie Constant Duméril）, 1806
亚门和纲
	見內文
多样性
	約100個現存屬; 約30,000個化石物種。

腕足动物门（學名：Brachiopoda）是动物界的一个门，屬於底栖、有一對硬壳的海产觸手冠動物。但與雙殼類動物不同的是：其殼是上、下開合，而不是左、右開合。鉸位在後背部，而前方可開合作捕食或防御。牠們自寒武紀開始演化，在古生代時期最為繁盛，物種多樣性達到最高峰，大约发现了超过30000个化石种，但之後於古生代末期的二疊紀－三疊紀滅絕事件事件中大幅衰弱，只餘下少數物種殘存至今。现存物种有300种左右，多分布在高纬度的冷水区。

語源编辑

腕足動物的學名brachiopod源於古希臘語，由「手臂」（βραχίων）與「足」（πούς）兩部份組成^[3]。

特征编辑

介壳两枚，大小相等或不等，掩盖背腹两面；介壳的形状和饰纹以及内部器官的构造，是鉴定腕足纲属、种的依据；身体柔软、左右对称；头顶有突出部；上生许多触手，称为“腕足”；消化道呈U字形弯曲，常缺少肛门；具有体腔和后肾。

演化史编辑

经历了奥陶纪，泥盆纪和二叠纪三次大繁荣后，腕足动物的多样性在二叠纪末发生了断崖式的暴跌，从此以后再也没能恢复多样性^[4]。

分類编辑

在西班牙穆爾西亞塞埃欣的早白堊世豪特里維期地層出土的Pygites diphyoides (d'Orbigny, 1849)化石。這件穿孔贝目化石的特色是其殼上位於中央的孔洞。

腕足动物的分類有其獨特的不同之處：現時腕足動物的現存物種與化石物種有着不同的特色。其化石物種的外形變化很大，但其外殼只有少量特徵；而現存物種的外殼變化不大，反而其軟體及外殼均各有特徵。若我們只專注於其中一類特徵，均不能把另一類好好的分類。本門動物也經歷了顯著的趨同進化和逆轉演化（這使較新的組別損失了原來在中間組別出現的特色，又或回復了原來只在較舊的組別出現的特點）。因此，有些分類學的學者認為現時我們仍然未成熟到可以具體把目以上的分類確定，建議只適宜透過自底向上的方法，先確定物種的種屬，然後再把他們分成組^[5]。然而，其他分類學家相信，物種中某些模式的特點已足夠穩定，值得作更高級別的分類，儘管大家可能對更高級別的分類有不同的看法^[5]。以下為現時較多人同意的分類法。

目编辑

以下為腕足動物門以下的目：（已滅絕的分類單元以劍號(†)標記）

舌形貝型亞門（Linguliformea）
- 舌形貝綱（Lingulata）
  - †頂孔貝目（Acrotretida，又名乳房贝目）
  - 舌形貝目（Linguilida）
  - †管洞貝目（Siphonotretida）
- †神父貝綱（Paterinata）
  - †神父贝目（Paterinida）
髑髅贝型亚门（Craniiformea）
- 頭殻綱（Craniata，又名髑髏貝綱、顱形貝綱）
  - 頭殻目（Craniida，又名髑髏貝目、顱形貝目）
  - †擬髑髏貝目（Craniopsida，又名擬顱形貝目）
  - †三分貝目（Trimerellida）
小嘴貝型亞門（Rhynchonelliformea）
- 小嘴貝綱（Rhynchonellata）
  - †前正形貝目（Protorthida）
  - †正形贝目（Orthida）
  - †五房贝目（Pentamerida）
  - †无洞贝目（Atrypida，已廢棄的並系群分類）
  - 小嘴贝目（Rhynchonellida）
  - †石燕贝目（Spiriferida）
  - †無窗貝目（Athyridida）
  - †莢采貝目（Spiriferinida）
  - 穿孔贝目（Terebratulida）
  - 鞘貝目（Thecideida）
- †扭月貝綱（Strophomenata）
  - †扭月贝目（Strophomenida）
  - †长身贝目（Productida）
  - †伯灵贝目（Billingsellida）
  - †直形貝目（Orthotetida）
- †智利貝綱（Chileata）
  - †智利貝目（Chileida）
  - †目 Dictyonellida
- †庫圖貝綱（Kutorginata）
  - †庫圖貝目（Kutorginida）
- †小圓貨貝綱（Obolellata）
  - †小圆货贝目（Obolellida）
  - †目 Naukatida

註釋编辑

^ Zvyagintsev etc: Brachio fouling & (2007).
^ Cohen: Brachiopoda ELS & (2002).
^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary & (2002)，entry "Brachiopod".
^ Carlson, Sandra J. The Evolution of Brachiopoda. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 2016-06-29, 44 (1): 409–438 [2020-02-26]. ISSN 0084-6597. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012348. （原始内容存档于2021-02-13）（英语）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Carlson: Ghosts & (2001).

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延伸閱讀编辑

Moore, R.C.; Lalicker, C.G., and Fischer, A.G. Invertebrate Fossils. Mcgraw-Hill College. June 1952. ISBN 0-07-043020-9.

外部連結编辑

UC-Berkeley Museum of Paleontology （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Palaeos Brachiopoda
BrachNet （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Information from the Kansas Geological Survey
site of R.Filippi （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Brachiopoda World Database （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[FOOTNOTEZvyagintsev_etc:_Brachio_fouling(2007)-1] Zvyagintsev etc: Brachio fouling & (2007).

[FOOTNOTECohen:_Brachiopoda_ELS(2002)-2] Cohen: Brachiopoda ELS & (2002).

[FOOTNOTEShorter_Oxford_English_Dictionary(2002)entry_"Brachiopod"-3] Shorter Oxford English Dictionary & (2002)，entry "Brachiopod".

[4] Carlson, Sandra J. The Evolution of Brachiopoda. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 2016-06-29, 44 (1): 409–438 [2020-02-26]. ISSN 0084-6597. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012348. （原始内容存档于2021-02-13）（英语）.

[FOOTNOTECarlson:_Ghosts(2001)-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Carlson: Ghosts & (2001).

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