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帝國元帥
路易-亚历山大·贝尔蒂埃
纳沙泰尔与瓦朗然亲王，瓦格拉姆亲王
Louis-Alexandre Berthier
1808年的贝尔蒂埃，雅克·帕茹（英语：Jacques-Augustin-Catherine Pajou）绘
法兰西第一共和国战争部长
任期
1799年11月11日—1800年4月2日
前任埃德蒙·路易·亚历克西·迪布瓦-克朗塞
继任拉扎尔·卡诺
任期
1800年10月8日—1807年8月19日
前任拉扎尔·卡诺
继任亨利·纪尧姆·克拉克（英语：Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke）
纳沙泰尔与瓦朗然亲王
任期
1806年2月25日—1814年6月3日
前任腓特烈·威廉三世
继任腓特烈·威廉三世
个人资料
出生(1753-11-20)1753年11月20日
法兰西王国凡尔赛
逝世1815年6月1日(1815歲—06—01)（61歲）
巴伐利亚王国班贝格
父母让·巴蒂斯特·贝尔蒂埃（英语：Jean-Baptiste Berthier）
玛丽-弗朗索瓦丝·鲁利埃·德拉塞尔
获奖荣誉军团勋章大十字级
圣路易勋章指挥官级
帝国王室副统帅
签名
军事背景
效忠 法蘭西王國
 法兰西立宪王国
 法兰西第一共和国
 法兰西第一帝国
法国波旁复辟
服役法国陆军
服役时间1764年–1815年
军衔帝国元帅
参战美国独立战争
法国大革命战争
拿破仑战争

路易-亚历山大·贝尔蒂埃（1753年11月20日–1815年6月1日），纳沙泰尔与瓦朗然亲王，瓦格拉姆亲王，是法国大革命战争与拿破仑战争期间的一名法国军官。他两度担任法兰西第一共和国与第一帝国的战争部长，并于1804年获得帝国元帅头衔。贝尔蒂埃自1796年的第一次意大利战役期间就作为拿破仑·波拿巴的参谋长，负责协调各军团间的调度，一直担任这个职位到1814年拿破仑退位，大军团的高效运作很大程度上得归功于他出色的行政与组织能力。

贝尔蒂埃出生于法兰西王国凡尔赛的一个小贵族家庭，早年参加过美国独立战争，在“恐怖时期”因对君主制的怀疑态度而幸存，随后他在革命法军得到迅速升迁。贝尔蒂埃于拿破仑推翻督政府的雾月政变期间发挥了关键作用，并在之后成为其军事上不可或缺的左膀右臂，见证了法兰西帝国最辉煌的胜利。1812年法俄战争中，贝尔蒂埃承担了最艰巨的调度任务，他曾强烈反对拉长法军的交通线。波旁复辟后，他被允许保留自己的头衔并选择在世袭庄园里退休。滑铁卢战役前夕，贝尔蒂埃于巴伐利亚班贝格的一座主教官邸坠亡，原因不明。作为法军出色的参谋长，其优秀的组织能力至今仍在历史学家与军事学家中享有盛誉。

早年

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贝尔蒂埃于1753年11月20日出生于凡尔赛[1]，是父亲第一段婚姻存活的五个孩子里的长子[2]。其父让·巴蒂斯特·贝尔蒂埃（英语：Jean-Baptiste Berthier）（1721–1804）中校是一名地理工程师，供职于法国陆军，1746年与第一任妻子玛丽-弗朗索瓦丝·鲁利埃·德拉塞尔（Marie Françoise L'Huillier de La Serre）结婚，后者在凡尔赛宫作过普罗旺斯伯爵（即后来的路易十八）的贴身女仆。贝尔蒂埃的三个兄弟也为法军服役，而其中两个，萨塞尔（英语：César Berthier）（1765–1819）与维克托-利奥波德（Victor-Léopold）（1770–1807）在拿破仑战争中被提拔为将军[2][3]

前期生涯

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贝尔蒂埃出生于军人家庭，从小便受到良好的教育并被父亲培养走上军事道路[4]。1764年，他被梅济耶尔皇家工程学院（英语：École royale du génie de Mézières）录取，两年后13岁的贝尔蒂埃毕业，获得了地形工程师资格与少尉军衔[2]。1772年3月，贝尔蒂埃在佛兰德斯军团担任中尉[2]。1776年8月，他加入拉斐尔侯爵的洛林龙骑兵团，参加美国独立战争，并于次年6月被授予上尉军衔[2]。

 
 
贝尔蒂埃的父母，让·巴蒂斯特·贝尔蒂埃与玛丽-弗朗索瓦丝·鲁利埃·德拉塞尔

1780至1783年，贝尔蒂埃在罗尚博伯爵麾下任参谋官，期间其首次接触战斗[2]。回到法国后，他晋升少校，先后任过许多不同的参谋职位，1788年获授圣路易勋章[2][5]。1789年7月法国大革命爆发后，贝尔蒂埃被提拔为中校，路易十六亲自任命他为凡尔赛国民自卫军参谋长[6]，负责保护国王及其家人免遭民众暴力[2]。1791年他成功帮助维克图瓦与阿德莱德两位公主流亡海外[1][2]。

法国大革命战争

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1792年，贝尔蒂埃晋升陆军少将（英语：Maréchal de camp），调至北方军团（英语：Army of the North (France)）作战[2]，任尼古劳斯·卢克纳元帅的参谋长，之后他在迪穆里埃和克勒曼指挥的阿尔贡战役中发挥了重要作用。1793年3月，贝尔蒂埃前往法国西部参加旺代战争，并在战斗中负伤。被召回后又由于他的贵族身份遭到恐怖统治波及，被剥夺军职[7][8]，不过前述的英勇表现使他免于严重的指控，侥幸逃脱了断头台[6]。

贝尔蒂埃相当擅长军队组织管理，协助指挥官的日常行政工作，举凡运输后勤、敌方情报、战场地形测绘等繁琐事务均可胜任，同时他具有惊人的记忆力，对作战的一切细节，例如各个军的运动，部队人数、宿营和指挥人员一清二楚，并且还非常善于使用地图，贝尔蒂埃能十分敏锐地判断地形的特点，擅长以简明的语言报告最复杂的军事行动[9]。在先后出任罗尚博、拉法叶、卢克纳等将领的参谋长的服役经历中，他也积累了丰富的经验。

 
洛迪之战

热月政变九天后，贝尔蒂埃被起复为克勒曼阿尔卑斯军团的参谋长[10]，军衔准将旅长，1795年5月9日随克勒曼调意大利军团参谋长，次月晋少将师长，9月又随克勒曼回阿尔卑斯军团[2][5]。1796年3月，贝尔蒂埃首次遇见刚被任命为意大利军团（英语：Army of Italy (France)）司令的拿破仑·波拿巴，后者赏识贝尔蒂埃的才能，即刻将军团参谋长的位置给了他[2]，而次年其在意大利战役中的出色表现也证明了拿破仑的识人之明。洛迪战役期间为了尽快占领米兰，法军需要强渡阿达河，在拉纳发起的进攻被奥军凶猛的火力击退后，贝尔蒂埃与紧随其后的马塞纳身先士卒，率军顶着葡萄弹冲过窄桥，赢得了一场果决的胜利[11][12]，而先前贝尔蒂埃派出抄后的骑兵部队则迫使奥军全面撤退[12]。拿破仑在5月11日给督政府的报告中特别褒奖了贝尔蒂埃：“我绝不能忘记勇敢的贝尔蒂埃，他那天同时是炮手、士兵与掷弹兵”[13]。

1797年1月，奥军第四次试图解除拿破仑对曼图亚的围攻[14]，约瑟夫·阿尔文齐（英语：Jozsef Alvinczi）率中路的28000人经里沃利南下，打算与其他部队在维罗纳会师[15][14]。是月13日，儒贝尔将军的掩护部队与阿尔文齐部遭遇，里沃利会战爆发[16]。贝尔蒂埃有效地协调了各部队，在稳住儒贝尔师后指挥骑兵在炮兵的掩护下对奥军发起反击，阿尔文齐随后再次被迫撤退[16]。事后拿破仑称赞了贝尔蒂埃，“这场战役中他表现出了他常有的勇气”[16]。此后十八年的职业生涯中，贝尔蒂埃与拿破仑形影不离，始终是他最有价值的朋友与助手[2]。

1797年的整场战役中贝尔蒂埃都在拿破仑身边，《坎波福尔米奥条约》签订后他被留在意大利指挥驻军[1]。次年拿破仑不顾他的反对[9]，下令入侵教宗国。贝尔蒂埃在攻取罗马后，俘虏庇护六世，组建罗马共和国[9][1]，教宗则因不愿放弃世俗权力被迫迁往瓦朗斯，经过一段曲折的旅程后在那里去世[17]，该事件严重打击了圣座的尊严与政治威望。之后由于既没有力量防止法国的将军、军需官和供应人员在罗马进行抢劫，又无法弹压法国兵士的哗变，在把指挥权交给马塞纳后，贝尔蒂埃动身前往米兰[9]。

 
《马伦哥战役中的拿破仑将军与他的参谋长贝尔蒂埃》，约瑟夫·博兹（英语：Joseph Boze）绘于1800至1801年期间

驻留米兰期间，他深深迷恋上了美丽的维斯康蒂夫人[9]，后者是一个二婚女子，本名约瑟芬，时为弗朗西斯科·维斯康蒂的妻子[18]。两个人走得越来越近，以至于绯闻在参谋部里流传，许多人讥笑维斯康蒂夫人是贝尔蒂埃的“蠢事”[19]。德赛将军在抵达意大利军团后评价这位参谋长“身材矮小，体格健壮，总是笑嘻嘻的，忙得不可开交——而且爱上了维斯康蒂夫人”[19]。在随拿破仑远征埃及期间，贝尔蒂埃依然常常给在意大利的情人写信，因而得到了“多情派”（faction des amoureux）首领的称号[9]，之后还把拿破仑在各个时期赏赐的4000万法郎大部分花在了她身上[9]。

1798年5月19日，贝尔蒂埃登上旗舰“东方号（英语：French ship Orient (1791)）”前往埃及[20]，在船上他详细规划了400艘运输船输送的约38,000名士兵登陆亚历山大港的行动[20]。不过在整场远征期间，贝尔蒂埃就像大多数的将官和士兵那样对埃及的环境感到极端不适。他每天要工作长达18个小时，疟疾和暑热使他头晕耳鸣，虚弱不堪，以至于贝尔蒂埃一度觉得自己难以支撑下去[21]，尽管如此，为了不树立一个坏的榜样，他还是坚持没有向拿破仑告假[21]。之后随着尼罗河口海战的失败，法军由于补给问题被困在埃及[22]，加之第二次反法同盟组建的消息，促使拿破仑决定回国寻找机遇[23]。从埃及返程的航程中，除了疗养外贝尔蒂埃根据指挥官的要求撰写了有关埃及战役的历史[24]，并不遗余力地为拿破仑宣传造势，在此事上他并无个人野心可言[24]。

After this, Berthier joined his chief in Egypt, serving there until Napoleon's return. He assisted in the Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799), afterwards becoming Minister of War for a time. During the Battle of Marengo, Berthier was the nominal head of the Army of Reserve, but the first consul accompanied the army and he acted in reality, as always, as chief of staff to Napoleon.[1]

Despite serving as a staff officer, Berthier had at one point received a battlefield injury. A contemporary subordinate staff officer, Brossier, reports that at the Battle of Marengo:

The General-in-Chief Berthier gave his orders with the precision of a consummate warrior, and at Marengo maintained the reputation that he so rightly acquired in Italy and in Egypt under the orders of Bonaparte. He himself was hit by a bullet in the arm. Two of his aides-de-camp, Dutaillis and La Borde, had their horses killed.[25]

At the close of the campaign, he was employed in civil and diplomatic business.[1] This included a mission to Spain in August 1800, which resulted in the retrocession of Louisiana to France by the Treaty of San Ildefonso on 1 October 1800, and led to the Louisiana Purchase.[來源請求]

Napoleonic Wars

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Portrait by Andrea Appiani

In May 1804, Napoleon became emperor and at once made Berthier a Marshal of the Empire.[2] He took part in the campaigns of Austerlitz, Jena, and Friedland. Berthier was made Grand Huntsman in 1804 and Vice-Constable of the Empire in 1807.[2] In 1806, when Napoleon deposed King Frederick William III of Prussia from the Principality of Neuchâtel (now the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel), Berthier was appointed its ruler, with the title of Prince of Neuchâtel and Duke of Valangin.[26] This lasted until his abdication on 3 June 1814.[26] Berthier never visited Neuchâtel, where he was represented by a governor, although he was well acquainted with its affairs.[26]

In 1808, Berthier served in the Peninsular War, and in 1809, served in the Austrian theatre during the War of the Fifth Coalition, after which he was given the title of Prince of Wagram. He was with Napoleon in Russia in 1812, and took part in the extremely unusual council of war on whether to proceed, being one of several who advised against an advance on Moscow which Napoleon had decided on, encouraged by Joachim Murat who was blamed by many for the horse-killing pace of the march into Russia. Berthier is said to have burst into tears at the decision. He served in Germany in 1813, and France in 1814, fulfilling, until the fall of the French Empire, the functions of chief of staff of the Grande Armée.[1]

Later life

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Berthier's estate Château de Grosbois in Val-de-Marne, France

Following Napoleon's first abdication, Berthier retired to Château de Grosbois, his 600-acre (2.4 km2) estate at Boissy-Saint-Léger, Val-de-Marne. He made peace with Louis XVIII in 1814 and accompanied the king on his solemn entry into Paris. During Napoleon's short exile on Elba, he informed Berthier of his projects. Berthier was much perplexed as to his future course and, being unwilling to commit to Napoleon, fell under the suspicion both of his old leader and of Louis XVIII.

Death

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The Neue Residenz in Bamberg where Berthier died falling from a third floor window

On Napoleon's return to France in March 1815, Berthier withdrew to the Bavarian city of Bamberg. On 1 June 1815 he died from a fall from an upstairs window at the Neue Residenz, a 17th-century Bishop's residence.[27] The manner of his death remains uncertain because he fell from a casement window with a sill 4英尺（1.2米） from the floor, making an accident seem unlikely.[28] According to some accounts, he was assassinated by members of a secret society, while others say he threw himself from the window, maddened at the sight of Russian troops marching to invade France. It remains unclear whether his defenestration was suicide or murder.[1]

His loss was keenly felt by Napoleon, who wished he had his former Chief of Staff at Waterloo:

If Berthier had been there, I would not have met this misfortune.[29]

Character assessment

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Berthier was an immensely skilled chief of staff, but he was not a great field commander. When he was in temporary command in 1809, the French army in Bavaria underwent a series of reverses. Despite the fact that his merit as a general was completely overshadowed by the genius of Napoleon, Berthier was nevertheless renowned for his excellent organising skills and being able to understand and carry out the emperor's directions to the minutest detail.[1] General Paul Thiébault wrote of him:

No one could have better suited General Bonaparte, who wanted a man capable of relieving him of all detailed work, to understand him instantly and to foresee what he would need.[29]

Marriage and issue

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Coat of arms of Louis-Alexandre Berthier

In 1796, Berthier fell in love with Giuseppa Carcano, marquise Visconti di Borgorato, who was to be his mistress for the duration of the First French Empire, despite the emperor's disapproval. Even when Napoleon forced him to marry a Bavarian princess, the Duchess Maria Elisabeth, in 1808, Berthier managed to keep his mistress and his wife together under the same roof, a state of affairs which infuriated the emperor.[30]

On 9 March 1808, Berthier married Elisabeth who was the only daughter of Duke Wilhelm in Bavaria and Countess Palatine Maria Anna of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld-Rappoltstein,[31] the sister of King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, and a relative of the Russian emperor through the Wittelsbach line on the Bavarian side and Prussian (Mecklenburg) side of her lineage.

They had one son and two daughters :[32][33]

  • Napoléon-Alexandre, 2nd Duke and 2nd Prince of Wagram (11 September 1810 – 10 February 1887), married on 29 June 1831 to Zénaïde Françoise Clary (25 November 1812 – 27 April 1884). They had two daughters, Malcy Louise Caroline Frédérique Berthier Princess of Walgram (1832-1884), Elisabeth Alexandrine Maria Berthier Princess of Wagram (1849–1932) and a son, Louis Philippe Marie Alexandre Berthier, 3rd Prince of Wagram (1836–1911)
  • Caroline-Joséphine, Princess of Wagram (22 August 1812 – 1905), married on 9 October 1832 to Alphonse Napoléon, Baron d'Hautpoul (29 May 1806 – 25 April 1889)
  • Marie Anne Wilhelmine Alexandrine Elisabeth, Princess of Wagram (19 February 1816 – 23 July 1878). Born shortly after her father's death. Married on 24 June 1834 to Jules Lebrun, 3rd Duke of Plaisance (19 April 1811 – 15 January 1872)

In literature

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Berthier is mentioned and/or appears in several of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Brigadier Gerard stories, including How the Brigadier Was Tempted by the Devil (1895), and in Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace.

In video games

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Berthier is prominently featured in the 2010 video game Napoleon: Total War, where he serves as the narrator of the campaign/story mode. He is also featured prominently in the three tutorial missions in the game, and also appears in two of the game's historical battles. The game is slightly inaccurate in Berthier's life, in that Berthier gives the narration about the Battle of Waterloo, regardless of a win or a loss, while in real life, Berthier died shortly before the battle from a fall in his home.

References

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Chisholm 1911，第812頁.
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 Gambiez, Fernand. Berthier, Louis-Alexandre, (1753–1815), prince de Neufchâtel, prince de Wagram, maréchal. Dictionnaire Napoléon. Éditions Fayard. 1987. 
  3. ^ Watson 1957，第13頁.
  4. ^ Berthier, The Indispensable Marshal. www.napoleon-series.org. [2024-06-07]. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Louis Alexandre Berthier (1753-1815). www.frenchempire.net. [2024-06-07]. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Marx & Engels 2010，第56頁.
  7. ^ Louis-Alexandre Berthier. American Battlefield Trust. [2024-06-06] （美国英语）. 
  8. ^ Louis-Alexandre Berthier, prince de Wagram | Napoleonic Wars, Military Strategist, Diplomat | Britannica. www.britannica.com. 2024-05-28 [2024-06-06] （英语）. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Marx & Engels 2010，第57頁.
  10. ^ Berthier, The Indispensable Marshal. www.napoleon-series.org. [2024-06-07]. 
  11. ^ Watson 1957，第48頁.
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Battle of Lodi | Napoleon Bonaparte, Austria, Lombardy | Britannica. www.britannica.com. 2024-05-14 [2024-06-07] （英语）. 
  13. ^ Watson 1957，第49頁.
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Mark, Harrison W. Battle of Rivoli. World History Encyclopedia. [2024-06-09] （英语）. 
  15. ^ Watson 1957，第58頁.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Watson 1957，第59頁.
  17. ^ Pope Pius VI. web.archive.org. 2019-01-27 [2024-06-09]. 
  18. ^ Watson 1957，第65頁.
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Watson 1957，第66頁.
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Watson 1957，第75頁.
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 Watson 1957，第78頁.
  22. ^ Mark, Harrison W. Napoleon's Campaign in Egypt and Syria. World History Encyclopedia. [2024-06-16] （英语）. 
  23. ^ Napoleon I - French Revolution, Emperor, Exile | Britannica. www.britannica.com. 2024-06-07 [2024-06-16] （英语）. 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 Watson 1957，第83頁.
  25. ^ Watson 1957，第92頁
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Pedrazzini, Dominic: Yankees from Canada/沙盒在線上《瑞士歷史辭典》中的德文、法文或義大利文版詞條。
  27. ^ Zabecki, David T. Chief of Staff, Vol. 1: The Principal Officers Behind History's Great Commanders, Napoleonic Wars to World War I 1. Naval Institute Press. 2013. ISBN 9781612515588. 
  28. ^ BERTHIER, Louis-Alexandre. www.napoleon.org. [16 November 2023]. 
  29. ^ 29.0 29.1 Berthier, The Indispensable Marshal. www.napoleon-series.org. 
  30. ^ FRANCK FAVIER: "Berthier the Marshal existed well before and without Napoleon" (November 2015). napoleon.org. 
  31. ^ PORTRAIT DE MARIE-ELISABETH, PRINCESS DE WAGRAM, NÉE DUCHESS EN BAVIÈRE (1785-1849). Sothebys. 
  32. ^ Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F. and B. L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome IV Wittelsbach. France: Laballery. 1985: 277, 348, 381–382. ISBN 2-901138-04-7. 
  33. ^ Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F. and B. L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome V. France: Laballery. 1989: 532–533. ISBN 2-901138-05-5. 
Attribution

  本条目包含来自公有领域出版物的文本: 

Chisholm, Hugh (编). Berthier, Louis Alexandre. Encyclopædia Britannica 3 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press: 812. 1911. 

Bibliography

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Further reading

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  • Bukhari, Emir Napoleon's Marshals Osprey Publishing, 1979, ISBN 0-85045-305-4.
  • Chandler, David Napoleon's Marshals Macmillan Pub Co, 1987, ISBN 0-02-905930-5.
  • Connelly, Owen, Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns SR Books, 1999, ISBN 0-8420-2780-7.
  • Elting, John R. Swords around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armée Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997, ISBN 0-02-909501-8.
  • Haythornthwaite, Philip Napoleon's Commanders (2): c. 1809–15 Osprey Publishing, 2002, ISBN 1-84176-345-4.
  • Hittle, James Donald the Military Staff: Its History and Development Military Service Publishing, 1952.
  • Macdonell, A. G. Napoleon and His Marshals Prion, 1997, ISBN 1-85375-222-3.
  • Pawly, Ronald Napoleon's Imperial Headquarters (1): Organization and Personnel Osprey Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1-84176-793-X.
  • Pawly, Ronald Napoleon's Imperial Headquarters (2): On campaign Osprey Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1-84176-794-8.
  • Watson, S.J. By Command of the Emperor: A Life of Marshal Berthier. Ken Trotman Ltd, ISBN 0-946879-46-X.

Archive sources

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The Berthier collection is conserved in the archives of the State of Neuchâtel. It contains more than 2'000 items inventoried in 1895–1896 by Albert Dufourcq. The collection contains correspondence sent and received by the prince in connection with the general affairs of the Principality or particular affairs.

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维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：Yankees from Canada/沙盒
官衔
前任：
Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois-Crancé 		Minister of War
11 November 1799 – 2 April 1800 		繼任：
Lazare Carnot
前任：
Lazare Carnot 		Minister of War
8 October 1800 – 19 August 1807 		繼任：
Henri Clarke, duc de Feltre
統治者頭銜
前任者：
Frederick William III 		Prince of Neuchâtel
25 February 1806 – 3 June 1814 		繼任者：
Frederick William III

Template:MarshalsNapoleon

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