牡蠣屬
牡蛎科的一属软体动物
牡蠣屬（學名：Ostrea）是牡蠣目牡蠣科之下的一個海洋雙殼綱軟體動物的屬[1]，其物種均可食用。
牡蠣屬 化石時期：
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| A lower valve (the attachment valve) of a shell of Ostrea edulis | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 軟體動物門 Mollusca |
| 綱： | 雙殼綱 Bivalvia |
| 目： | 牡蠣目 Ostreida |
| 科： | 牡蠣科 Ostreidae |
| 亞科： | 牡蠣亞科 Ostreinae |
| 屬： | 牡蠣屬 Ostrea (Linnaeus, 1758) |
| 物種 | |
化石紀錄 編輯
本屬物種的歷史非常悠久：其化石紀錄最遠可追遡至二疊紀到第四紀期間（2.59億年前至現在），而且遍佈全世界。 現時本屬之下有約150個化石種[2][3]。
歷史 編輯
當中加州太平洋海岸進行考古學發掘之時，至少有一個本屬物種（當中包括Ostrea lurida）的化石被發掘出來。這表明了早期的美國原住民丘馬什人以這些物種為其食物來源[4]。
物種 編輯
過往本屬物種最高曾多達400個，但現時絕大多數均已被分到不同的屬去。截至2018年7月4日[update]，WoRMS紀錄的物種計有[2][1]：
- Ostrea angelica Rochebrune, 1895
- Ostrea arcula Marwick, 1928 †
- Ostrea atherstonei Newton, 1913
- Ostrea chilensis Philippi, 1844
- Ostrea circumpicta Pilsbry, 1904
- Ostrea conchaphila Carpenter, 1857
- 密鱗牡蠣 Ostrea denselamellosa (Lischke, 1869)：又名拖鞋牡蠣。
- Ostrea edulis Linnaeus, 1758
- Ostrea futamiensis Seki, 1929
- Ostrea libella Weisbord, 1964
- Ostrea lurida Carpenter, 1864
- †Ostrea margaritae Pilsbry, 1918
- Ostrea megodon Hanley, 1846
- Ostrea oleomargarita Oliver, Salvi, and Al-Kandari [5]
- Ostrea puelchana d'Orbigny, 1842
- Ostrea stentina Payraudeau, 1826
- †Ostrea tatei Suter, 1913
- †Ostrea waitangiensis Marwick, 1928
- 異名
- †Ostrea albertensis Russell & Landes, 1937
- Ostrea angasi Sowerby, 1846
- †Ostrea angulata Sowerby, 1840
- †Ostrea angusta Deshayes, 1824
- †Ostrea anomialis Lamarck, 1819
- †Ostrea antarctica Zinsmeister, 1984
- †Ostrea arenicola Tate, 1886
- Ostrea aupouria Dinamani, 1981
- †Ostrea beloiti Logan, 1899
- †Ostrea bicolor Hanley, 1854
- †Ostrea blackensis Stephenson, 1923
- †Ostrea brongniarti Bronn, 1856
- Ostrea californica Mareon, 1858
- †Ostrea carolinensis Conrad, 1832
- †Ostrea castellobrancoi Maury 1936
- †Ostrea cochlear Poli, 1795
- †Ostrea compressirostra Say, 1824
- †Ostrea costaricensis Olsson, 1922
- 緣齒牡蠣 Ostrea crenulifera G. B. Sowerby II, 1871[6]:82：今作Dendostrea sandvichensis (G. B. Sowerby II, 1871)[7][8]。
- Ostrea crenulimarginata Gabb, 1860
- Ostrea cristata Born, 1778
- †Ostrea cubitus Deshayes, 1832
- Ostrea cumingiana Dunker, 1846
- †Ostrea cynthiae Maury, 1912
- †Ostrea democraciana Hodson et al., 1927
- †Ostrea dorsalis Azzaroli, 1958
- Ostrea edulis Linnaeus, 1758- Edible oyster or Belon oyster
- 棘刺牡蠣 Ostrea echinata
- †Ostrea edwilsoni Stoyanow, 1949
- †Ostrea eorivularis Oyama & Mizuno, 1958
- Ostrea equestris (Say, 1834)- Crested oyster
- Ostrea erici Hertlein, 1929
- Ostrea flavicans Linnaeus, 1758
- 葉片牡蠣 Ostrea folium [6]:82：又名薄片牡蠣，今作Dendostrea folium。
- †Ostrea forskali Chemnitz, 1785
- †Ostrea fraasi Mayer-Eymar, 1888
- †Ostrea frondosa de Serres, 1829
- †Ostrea gajensis Vredenburg, 1928
- †Ostrea gingensis Schlotheim, 1813
- Ostrea glabra Linnaeus, 1758
- †Ostrea golfotristensis Maury 1912
- †Ostrea haleyi Hertlein, 1933
- †Ostrea hippopus Tate, 1886
- 舌骨牡蠣 Ostrea hyotis [6]:82
- †Ostrea hyotidoidea Tate, 1899
- †Ostrea imbricata Lamarck, 1819
- †Ostrea incisa Martin, 1883
- †Ostrea invalida White, 1887
- Ostrea iridescens Gray, 1854
- †Ostrea jogjacartensis Martin, 1914
- †Ostrea khamirensis Cox, 1936
- †Ostrea latimarginata Vredenburg, 1908
- †Ostrea longirostris Lamarck, 1806
- †Ostrea ludensis Deshayes, 1861
- †Ostrea lutaria Hutton, 1885
- Ostrea maculosa Forskål, 1775
- †Ostrea manubriata Tate, 1887
- †Ostrea marginidentata Wood, 1861
- †Ostrea matercula de Verneuil, 1845
- †Ostrea mauricensis Gabb, 1860
- †Ostrea mesenterica Morton, 1834
- †Ostrea messor Maury, 1925
- †Ostrea minbuensis Cotter, 1923
- †Ostrea minerensis Russell & Landes, 1937
- Ostrea minuta Linnaeus, 1758
- Ostrea miradorensis Olsson, 1931
- †Ostrea monetalis Martin, 1931
- 咬齒牡蠣 Ostrea mordax ：今作黑齒牡蠣
- †Ostrea negritensis Olsson, 1928
- †Ostrea normali Gardner, 1926
- Ostrea obliterata Linnaeus, 1758
- †Ostrea pangadiensis Hislop, 1859
- †Ostrea paracasensis Rivera, 1957
- †Ostrea parasitica Gmelin, 1791
- †Ostrea paroxis Lesueur, 1829
- †Ostrea parrensis Vega et al., 1999
- †Ostrea pejerreyensis Rivera, 1957
- Ostrea pellucens Linnaeus, 1758
- Ostrea pesfelis Linnaeus, 1758
- †Ostrea petrosa Fuchs, 1879
- †Ostrea peytoni Richards, 1947
- †Ostrea pileosimilis Martin, 1931
- Ostrea plicatula Gmelin, 1791
- †Ostrea portoricoensis Hubbard, 1920
- †Ostrea princeps Woods, 1850
- †Ostrea procyonis Maury, 1924
- †Ostrea prona Wood, 1861
- †Ostrea protoimbricata Vredenburg, 1928
- †Ostrea pseudocrassissima Fuchs, 1878
- †Ostrea pseudodigitalina Fuchs, 1879
- †Ostrea pseudorissensis Vredenburg, 1928
- †Ostrea pulaskensis Harris, 1892
- Ostrea radula Linnaeus, 1758
- †Ostrea raveneliana Tuomey & Holmes, 1855
- †Ostrea resupinata Deshayes, 1858
- Ostrea retusa Sowerby, 1871
- †Ostrea russelli Russell & Landes, 1937
- †Ostrea samanensis Olsson, 1928
- Ostrea sanguinea Linnaeus, 1758
- †Ostrea saxitoniana McLearn, 1929
- †Ostrea seymourensis Zinsmeister, 1984
- †Ostrea soleniscus Meek, 1893
- Ostrea striatula Linnaeus, 1758
- †Ostrea sturtiana Tate, 1886
- †Ostrea subangulata d'Orbigny, 1852
- †Ostrea submissa Deshayes, 1864
- †Ostrea subradiosa Bohm, 1926
- Ostrea superficialis Forskål, 1775
- †Ostrea tacalensis Hodson et al., 1927
- †Ostrea tayloriana Gabb, 1866
- †Ostrea thalassoklusta Maury, 1912
- 大連灣牡蠣 Ostrea talienwhanensis
- Ostrea tridacnaeformis Cox, 1927
- †Ostrea turkestanensis Romanovski, 1880
- †Ostrea uncinta Lamarck, 1806
- †Ostrea ungulata Nyst, 1843
- †Ostrea ventilabrum Goldfuss, 1826
- †Ostrea vestita Fuchs, 1883
- †Ostrea wiedenmayeri Hodson et al., 1927
- †Ostrea wollastoni Finlay, 1927
參考文獻 編輯
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (編). Ostrea Linnaeus, 1758. MolluscaBase. [2018-07-04] –透過WoRMS.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Ostrea. Paleobiology Database.
- ^ J.D. Dana (1996)
- ^ C.M. Hogan, 2008
- ^ Daniele Salvi, Manal Al-Kandari, P. Graham Oliver, Emanuele Berrilli,, and Matteo Garzia. 2022. Cryptic Marine Diversity in the Northern Arabian Gulf: An Integrative Approach Uncovers a New Species of Oyster (Bivalvia: Ostreidae), Ostrea oleomargarita. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 7058975. DOI: 10.1155/2022/7058975
Daniele Salvi, Manal Al-Kandari, P. Graham Oliver, Emanuele Berrilli,, and Matteo Garzia. 2023. Corrigendum: Salvi D, Al-Kandari M, Oliver PG, Berrilli E, Garzia M. 2022. Cryptic marine diversity in the northern Arabian Gulf: an integrative approach uncovers a new species of oyster (Bivalvia: Ostreidae), Ostrea oleomargarita. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 7058975. DOI: 10.1155/2022/7058975. ZooKeys. 1143: 89-92. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1143.100087 - ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 鄭成興; 黃宗國; 張良興; 李傳燕; 李福榮. 琅玡灣附着生物和鑽孔生物的初步研究. 海洋學報. 1984, 6 (1): 81–89 [2018-07-04]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-04） （中文（簡體））.
- ^ Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (編). Ostrea crenulifera G. B. Sowerby II, 1871. MolluscaBase. [2018-07-04] –透過WoRMS.
- ^ Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (編). Dendostrea sandvichensis (G. B. Sowerby II, 1871). MolluscaBase. [2018-07-04] –透過WoRMS.
