薰衣草油
薰衣草油(英語:Lavender oil,CAS號:8000-28-0)是通過蒸餾某些薰衣草品種的花穗獲得的精油。不同的品種提取出的薰衣草油有着不同的香氣:提取自狹葉薰衣草(又名真薰衣草、英國薰衣草)的薰衣草油(lavender flower oil)有着清甜的花香,提取自寬葉薰衣草(又名穗狀薰衣草、穗花薰衣草)的穗狀薰衣草油(lavender spike oil)在清香中帶有清涼的草藥香,寬窄葉雜交薰衣草(又名醒目薰衣草[1])的精油香氣則介於兩者之間。[2][3]
與所有精油一樣,薰衣草油不是純淨的單一化合物,而是複雜的植物性化合物的混合物,精油成分也因薰衣草的品種而異。[4]狹葉薰衣草精油的主要成分包括乙酸芳樟醇、芳樟醇,而穗狀薰衣草油的主要成分包括芳樟醇、桉葉油醇和樟腦。[4]
生產
編輯薰衣草油是通過水蒸氣蒸餾法生產的。[5][6]這種方法減少了極性化合物的損失,與其他方法相比能產生更多的精油。[7]薰衣草花的收穫期通常在六月下旬至八月之間。[8]剪下的薰衣草花序被壓入薰衣草蒸餾器中,水蒸汽從蒸餾器底部進入加熱薰衣草。[5]油腺在加熱過程中破裂,釋放出的薰衣草油汽化與水蒸汽一起上升,在上方的冷管上凝結成液體,被收集到儲罐中。[5]由於水和薰衣草油有着不同的極性和密度,兩者不互溶,會在儲罐中分層,將水從管道排出,即得到薰衣草油。[5][9]
用途
編輯薰衣草油被用於香水、芳香療法和皮膚塗抹,[12]但這些用法沒有臨床益處。[13]薰衣草油用於按摩療法,通過直接接觸皮膚使人放鬆,但可能會發生過敏反應。[13]目前沒有充分的證據支持使用薰衣草油治療失智症。[14]
2021年的一項薈萃分析包括五項針對焦慮症患者的研究,這五項研究均由所用薰衣草油膠囊的製造商資助,其中四項研究是由薈萃分析的一位作者進行,[15] 不清楚它們是否是盲法試驗。 [16]這項分析顯示,每天口服80毫克薰衣草油與漢密爾頓焦慮評定量表上的焦慮評分降低相關。[15]根據國家補充與替代醫學中心的說法,由於這些研究的局限性,口服薰衣草油治療焦慮症的有效性仍不確定。[13]
可能的不良影響
編輯儘管人們普遍認為薰衣草油對其預期用途是安全的,[18]但它是一種潛在的內分泌干擾物,持續接觸可能會影響女孩和男孩的乳房發育。[19]
包括薰衣草油在內的許多精油,如果服用都有毒性。[20][21]一般來說,服用5毫升的稀釋精油可能會導致成人中毒,2-3毫升可能會導致兒童中毒。[22] 2014-2018年,新南威爾士州報告了271起薰衣草油中毒病例,占所有精油中毒病例的6.1%,中毒者大多數是兒童。[21]
薰衣草油的主要有毒成分是乙酸芳樟酯和芳樟醇。[20][23]
攝入薰衣草油中毒的症狀包括視力模糊、呼吸困難、喉嚨灼痛、眼睛灼傷、神志不清、意識水平下降、腹瀉、胃痛、嘔吐和皮疹。[20]局部塗抹薰衣草油可能會引起接觸性皮炎。[22]
化學成分
編輯薰衣草油的植物性化合物成分因品種而異,主要由單萜和倍半萜醇組成。[24]主要是芳樟醇(20-35%)和乙酸芳樟酯(30-55%),並有中等水平的乙酸薰衣草酯、4-松油醇、薰衣草醇、 桉葉油醇、樟腦、檸烯和單寧。[24]薰衣草油通常含有100多種化合物,儘管其中許多化合物的濃度可以忽略不計。[24][25]
類 | 成分 | 狹葉薰衣草 | 寬葉薰衣草 |
---|---|---|---|
萜烯/單萜醇 | 芳樟醇 |
28.92 % | 49.47 % |
α-松油醇 | 0.90% | 1.08% | |
γ-松油醇 | 0.09% | ||
冰片 | 1.43% | ||
異冰片 | 0.82% | ||
4-松油醇 | 4.32% | ||
橙花醇 | 0.20% | ||
薰衣草醇 | 0.78% | ||
萜烯/萜烯酯 | 乙酸芳樟酯 |
32.98 % | |
乙酸香葉酯 | 0.60% | ||
乙酸橙花酯 | 0.32% | ||
乙酸蘑菇酯 | 0.65% | ||
乙酸薰衣草酯 | 4.52% | ||
萜烯/單萜 | 月桂烯 | 0.46% | 0.41% |
α-蒎烯 | 0.54% | ||
β-蒎烯 | 0.33% | ||
莰烯 | 0.30% | ||
( E )-β-羅勒烯 | 3.09% | ||
( Z )-β-羅勒烯 | 4.44% | ||
β-水芹烯 | 0.12% | ||
萜烯/萜類氧化物 | 桉葉油醇 |
25.91 % | |
萜烯/倍半萜烯 | β-石竹烯 | 4.62% | 2.10% |
β-金合歡烯 | 2.73% | ||
β-月桂烯 | 0.27% | ||
α-葎草烯 | 0.28% | ||
酮類 | 樟腦 |
0.85% | 13:00 % |
3-辛酮 | 0.72% | ||
隱品酮(Cryptone) |
0.35% |
參考
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