鰩科
鰩科（學名：Rajidae、英語：Skates）是鰩形目的典型科，本科魚身體扁平，胸鰭寬大，腹鰭有一個明顯的缺刻，幾乎將腹鰭分為兩葉，兩個背鰭非常小，緊靠尾部，尾細小，通常無尾鰭，如有也沒有鰭條支持。
鰩科 化石時期：
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|---|---|
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| 北極鈍頭鰩 Amblyraja hyperborea | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
| 綱： | 軟骨魚綱 Chondrichthyes |
| 目： | 鰩目 Rajiformes |
| 科： | 鰩科 Rajidae Bonaparte, 1831 |
| 屬 | |
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見內文。 | |
鰩科魚生活在海底，以甲殼類動物和小魚為食，是一種經濟魚類，但根據綠色和平，本科有數種魚類遭受過度捕撈的危險。
鰩通常長有扁平的身體，眼睛長在頭部上方，便於觀測水面上的變化；嘴和鰓裂長在身體正方，便於取食海底的帶殼動物。有些鰩魚長有特別寬大的胸鰭，能像飛機一樣在水面上滑行。鰩魚的鼻子下側長有電子感應系統。這種系統連接着鰩魚的感覺神經細胞。多數水生動物在游動時都會產生電子信號，鰩魚就用自身的電子感應系統搜索食物的信號，並進行捕獵。 鰩為卵生軟骨魚類。
分類 編輯
鰩科下分17個屬，如下[2]：
鈍頭鰩屬 Amblyraja 編輯
- Amblyraja badia (Garman, 1899)
- Amblyraja doellojuradoi (Pozzi, 1935)
- Amblyraja frerichsi (G. Krefft, 1968)
- Amblyraja georgiana (Norman, 1938)
- 北極鈍頭鰩 Amblyraja hyperborea (Collett, 1879)：又稱北極鈍頭魟
- Amblyraja jenseni (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1950)
- 鈍頭鰩 Amblyraja radiata (Donovan, 1808)：又稱鈍頭魟
- Amblyraja reversa (Lloyd, 1906)
- Amblyraja robertsi (Hulley, 1970)
- Amblyraja taaf (E. E. Meisner, 1987)
白令鰩屬 Beringraja 編輯
- 雙斑鰩 Beringraja binoculata (Girard, 1855)
- 科特鰩 Beringraja cortezensis (McEachran & Miyake, 1988)
- 北美鰩 Beringraja inornata (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1881)
- 長吻鰩 Beringraja rhina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880)
- 美鰩 Beringraja pulchra (Liu, 1932)
- 小星鰩 Beringraja stellulata Jordan & Gilbert, 1880
短鰩屬 Breviraja 編輯
- 耀斑短鰩 Breviraja claramaculata McEachran & Matheson, 1985
- 科氏短鰩 Breviraja colesi Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948
- Breviraja marklei McEachran & Miyake, 1987
- 莫氏短鰩 Breviraja mouldi McEachran & Matheson, 1995
- Breviraja nigriventralis McEachran & Matheson, 1985
- 小棘短鰩 Breviraja spinosa Bigelow & Schroeder, 1950
指鰩屬 Dactylobatus 編輯
- 指鰩 Dactylobatus armatus B. A. Bean & A. C. Weed, 1909
- 克氏指鰩 Dactylobatus clarkii (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1958)
齒鰩屬 Dentiraja 編輯
- Dentiraja australis (Macleay, 1884)
- Dentiraja cerva (Whitley, 1939)
- Dentiraja confusa (Last, 2008)
- Dentiraja endeavouri (Last, 2008)
- Dentiraja falloarga (Last, 2008)
- Dentiraja flindersi Last & Gledhill, 2008
- Dentiraja healdi (Last, W. T. White & Pogonoski, 2008)
- Dentiraja lemprieri (Richardson, 1845)
- Dentiraja oculus (Last, 2008)
- Dentiraja polyommata (Ogilby, 1910)
長吻鰩屬（Dipturus） 編輯
- Dipturus acrobelus Last, W. T. White & Pogonoski, 2008
- Dipturus amphispinus Last & Alava, 2013[3]
- Dipturus apricus Last, W. T. White & Pogonoski, 2008
- Dipturus batis (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Dipturus bullisi (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1962)
- Dipturus campbelli (J. H. Wallace, 1967)
- Dipturus canutus Last, 2008
- Dipturus chinensis (Basilewsky, 1855)
- Dipturus crosnieri (Séret, 1989)
- Dipturus doutrei (Cadenat, 1960)
- Dipturus ecuadoriensis (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941)
- Dipturus flavirostris (Philippi {Krumweide}, 1892)
- Dipturus garricki (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1958)
- 巨鰩 Dipturus gigas (Ishiyama, 1958)
- Dipturus grahami Last, 2008
- Dipturus gudgeri (Whitley, 1940)
- Dipturus innominatus (Garrick & Paul, 1974)
- Dipturus intermedius (Parnell, 1837)
- Dipturus johannisdavisi (Alcock, 1899)
- 廣東鰩 Dipturus kwangtungensis (Y. T. Chu, 1960)：又稱廣東老闆鯆。
- Dipturus laevis (Mitchill, 1818)
- Dipturus lamillai (Concha, Caira, Ebert & Pompert, 2019)[4]
- 尖嘴鰩 Dipturus lanceorostratus (J. H. Wallace, 1967)
- Dipturus leptocauda (G. Krefft & Stehmann, 1975)
- 大尾鰩 Dipturus macrocauda (Ishiyama, 1955)：又稱大尾老闆鯆。
- Dipturus melanospilus Last, W. T. White & Pogonoski, 2008
- Dipturus mennii U. L. Gomes & Paragó, 2001
- Dipturus nidarosiensis (Storm, 1881)
- Dipturus olseni (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1951)
- Dipturus oregoni (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1958)
- Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Dipturus pullopunctatus (J. L. B. Smith, 1964)
- Dipturus queenslandicus Last, W. T. White & Pogonoski, 2008
- Dipturus springeri (J. H. Wallace, 1967)
- Dipturus stenorhynchus (J. H. Wallace, 1967)
- Dipturus teevani (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1951)
- 長鼻鰩 Dipturus tengu (D. S. Jordan & Fowler, 1903)：又稱天狗老闆鯆。
- Dipturus trachyderma (G. Krefft & Stehmann, 1975)
- Dipturus wengi Séret & Last, 2008
- Dipturus wuhanlingi Jeong & Nakabo, 2008
朝鮮鰩屬 Hongeo 編輯
白魟屬 Leucoraja 編輯
- Leucoraja caribbaea (McEachran, 1977)
- Leucoraja circularis (Couch, 1838)
- Leucoraja compagnoi (Stehmann, 1995)
- 蝟鰩 Leucoraja erinacea (Mitchill, 1825)
- 白魟 Leucoraja fullonica (Linnaeus, 1758)
- 加氏鰩 Leucoraja garmani (Whitley, 1939)
- Leucoraja lentiginosa (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1951)
- Leucoraja leucosticta (Stehmann, 1971)
- 馬耳他鰩 Leucoraja melitensis (R. S. Clark, 1926)
- Leucoraja naevus (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841)
- Leucoraja ocellata (Mitchill, 1815)
- Leucoraja pristispina Last, Stehmann & Séret, 2008
- Leucoraja virginica (McEachran, 1977)
- Leucoraja wallacei (Hulley, 1970)
- Leucoraja yucatanensis (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1950)
醜鰩屬 Malacoraja 編輯
- 克氏醜鰩 Malacoraja kreffti (Stehmann, 1978)
- Malacoraja obscura M. R. de Carvalho, U. L. Gomes & Gadig, 2005
- Malacoraja senta (Garman, 1885)
- 粗皮醜鰩 Malacoraja spinacidermis (Barnard, 1923)
新鰩屬 Neoraja 編輯
- 非洲新鰩 Neoraja africana (Stehmann & Séret, 1983)
- Neoraja caerulea (Stehmann, 1976)
- Neoraja carolinensis McEachran & Stehmann, 1984
- Neoraja iberica Stehmann, Séret, M. E. Costa & Baro, 2008
- 斯氏新鰩 Neoraja stehmanni (Hulley, 1972)
鯆魮屬 Okamejei 編輯
- 耳棘鯆魮 Okamejei acutispina (Ishiyama, 1958)：又稱光棘鰩。
- Okamejei arafurensis Last & Gledhill, 2008
- 鮑氏鯆魮 Okamejei boesemani (Ishihara, 1987)：又稱鮑氏鰩。
- Okamejei cairae Last, Fahmi & Ishihara, 2010
- 希氏鰩 Okamejei heemstrai (McEachran & Fechhelm, 1982)
- 何氏鯆魮 Okamejei hollandi (D. S. Jordan & R. E. Richardson, 1909)：又稱何氏鰩。
- 平背鯆魮 Okamejei kenojei (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841)：又稱斑鰩。
- Okamejei leptoura Last & Gledhill, 2008
- 麥氏鯆魮 Okamejei meerdervoortii (Bleeker, 1860)：又稱麥氏鰩。
- Okamejei mengae Jeong, Nakabo & H. L. Wu, 2007
- Okamejei ornata Weigmann, Stehmann & Thiel, 2015[5]
- 褐斑鰩 Okamejei pita (R. Fricke & Al-Hassan, 1995)[5]
- Okamejei schmidti (Ishiyama, 1958)
- Okamejei panayensis Misawa, Babaran & Motomura, 2022
甕鰩屬 Orbiraja 編輯
- Orbiraja jensenae (Last & A. P. K. Lim, 2010)
- Orbiraja philipi (Lloyd, 1906)
- Orbiraja powelli (Alcock, 1898)
鰩屬 Raja 編輯
- 星斑鰩 Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809
- 短尾鰩 Raja brachyura Lafont, 1873
- 背棘鰩 Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758
- 晶吻鰩 Raja eglanteria L. A. G. Bosc, 1800
- 赫氏鰩 Raja herwigi G. Krefft, 1965
- 大吻鰩 Raja maderensis R. T. Lowe, 1838
- Raja mauritaniensis White & Fricke, 2021
- 小睛斑鰩 Raja microocellata Montagu, 1818
- 鏡鰩 Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758
- 蒙鰩 Raja montagui Fowler, 1910
- Raja ocellifera Regan, 1906
- Raja parva Last & Séret, 2016
- Raja pita Fricke & Al-Hassan, 1995
- Raja polystigma Regan, 1923
- 粗背鰩 Raja radula Delaroche, 1809
- 斯氏鰩 Raja straeleni Poll, 1951
- 波鰩 Raja undulata Lacépède, 1802
細鰩屬 Rajella 編輯
- Rajella annandalei M. C. W. Weber, 1913
- Rajella barnardi Norman, 1935
- Rajella bathyphila Holt & Byrne, 1908
- Rajella bigelowi Stehmann, 1978
- Rajella caudaspinosa von Bonde & Swart, 1923
- Rajella challengeri Last & Stehmann, 2008
- Rajella dissimilis Hulley, 1970
- Rajella eisenhardti Long & McCosker, 1999
- Rajella fuliginea Bigelow & Schroeder, 1954
- 細鰩 Rajella fyllae Lütken, 1887
- Rajella kukujevi Dolganov, 1985
- Rajella leopardus von Bonde & Swart, 1923
- Rajella lintea Fries, 1838
- Rajella nigerrima F. de Buen, 1960
- Rajella paucispinosa Weigmann, Stehmann & Thiel, 2014[6]
- Rajella purpuriventralis Bigelow & Schroeder, 1962
- Rajella ravidula Hulley, 1970
- Rajella sadowskii G. Krefft & Stehmann, 1974
吻鰩屬 Rostroraja 編輯
- Rostroraja ackleyi (Garman, 1881)
- Rostroraja alba (Lacépède, 1803)
- Rostroraja bahamensis (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1965)
- Rostroraja cervigoni (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1964)
- Rostroraja eglanteria (L. A. G. Bosc, 1800)
- Rostroraja equatorialis (D. S. Jordan & Bollman, 1890)
- Rostroraja texana (A. C. Chandler, 1921)
- Rostroraja velezi (Chirichigno F., 1973)
Spiniraja 編輯
- Spiniraja whitleyi (Iredale, 1938)
谷鰩屬 Zearaja 編輯
- Zearaja argentinensis (Díaz de Astarloa, Mabragaña, Hanner & Figueroa, 2008)
- Zearaja chilensis (Guichenot, 1848)
- Zearaja maugeana (Last & Gledhill, 2007)
- Zearaja nasuta (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841)
參考文獻 編輯
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2009). Rajidae. FishBase. Version 2009-01.
- ^ LAST, P.R. & SÉRET, B. & STEHMANN, M.F.W. & WEIGMANN, S. (2016) Skates, Family Rajidae. In: Last, P.R., White, W.T., Carvalho, M.R. de, Séret, B., Stehmann, M.F.W & Naylor, G.J.P (Eds.) Rays of the World. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne: 204–363
- ^ Last, P.R. & Alava, M. (2013): Dipturus amphispinus sp. nov., a new longsnout skate (Rajoidei: Rajidae) from the Philippines. （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Pp. 214-227 in: de Carvalho, M.R., Ebert, D.A., Ho, H.-C. & White, W.T. (eds.) : Systematics and biodiversity of sharks, rays, and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa, 3752 (1): 1–386.
- ^ Francisco Concha; Janine Caira; David Ebert; Joost Pompert. Redescription and taxonomic status of Dipturus chilensis (Guichenot, 1848), and description of Dipturus lamillai sp. nov. (Rajiformes: Rajidae), a new species of long-snout skate from the Falkland Islands. Zootaxa. 1 May 2019, 4590 (5): 501–524 [19 March 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-19）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Weigmann, S., Stehmann, M.F.W. & Thiel, R. (2015): Okamejei ornata n. sp., a new deep-water skate (Elasmobranchii, Rajidae) from the northwestern Indian Ocean off Socotra Islands. Deep-Sea Research Part II, 115: 18-29.
- ^ Weigmann, S.; Stehmann, M.F.W. & Thiel, R. Rajella paucispinosa n. sp., a new deep-water skate (Elasmobranchii, Rajidae) from the western Indian Ocean off South Mozambique, and a revised generic diagnosis (PDF). Zootaxa. 2014, 3847 (3): 359–387 [2023-09-10]. PMID 25112345. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3847.3.3. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-08-02）.
外部連結 編輯
- ARKive – images and movies of the common skate (Dipturus batis)
- Kliman, Todd. "Skate Goes From Trash Fish to Treasure （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）", Washingtonian, May 1, 2006.
