英語國家和地區列表
維基媒體列表條目
下列是一個以英語作為官方語言的國家和領土的目錄,按人口次序排列。一些國家像加拿大和菲律賓一樣使用英語作為官方語言,但不是國家中唯一的官方語言。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Anglophone_world.svg/440px-Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Anglophone_world.svg.png)
唯一官方語言,且多數人口能夠使用
並行官方語言,且多數人能夠使用
唯一官方語言,且少數人口能夠使用
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_British_Empire.png/440px-The_British_Empire.png)
英國、美國、澳大利亞、紐西蘭同爲幾乎純英文國家,但英語在四國皆不是法律上的官方語言。
英語為官方語言的地位不一定和境內說英語的人數有關。這情況比方在印度和一些非洲國家尤其明顯,菲律賓的情況比較小。
幾乎所有這些國家均是英美兩國(參見大英帝國和美國領土擴張)現在或者以前的殖民地。有一些例外,例如 :
- 盧旺達原為德屬東非的一部分,第一次世界大戰結束以後成為比利時殖民地盧安達-烏隆地的一部分,1962年盧安達-烏隆地分為盧旺達和蒲隆地兩個獨立國家。
- 喀麥隆原為德國殖民地,第一次世界大戰結束以後絕大部分被法國殖民統治,僅西部狹長地帶被英國殖民統治。1960年法屬喀麥隆獨立,並於1961年吞併英屬喀麥隆南部(即南喀麥隆)。
這些以英語為官方語言的國家總計21.35億人,佔全世界約三分之一的人口,15,583,152平方英里和大約價值為18兆美元的國內生產總值。印度占的人口超過一半,而美國占的國內生產總值超過一半。
主權國家
編輯英語爲事實上官方語言 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
國家 | 地區 | 人口 | 是否主要語言 | |
1 | 澳大利亞 | 大洋洲 | 25,019,600 | |
2 | 新西蘭[1] | 大洋洲 | 4,893,830 | |
3 | 英國 | 歐洲 | 66,040,229 | |
4 | 美國 | 北美洲/大洋洲 | 328,239,523 |
英語爲法律上官方語言 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
國家 | 地區 | 人口 | 是否主要語言 | |
1 | 安地卡及巴布達[2] | 加勒比 | 85,000 | |
2 | 巴哈馬[2] | 加勒比 | 331,000 | |
3 | 巴巴多斯[3] | 加勒比 | 294,000 | |
4 | 伯利茲[4] | 中美洲 | 288,000 | |
5 | 博茨瓦納[4] | 非洲 | 1,882,000 | |
6 | 蒲隆地[5] | 非洲 | 10,114,505 | |
7 | 喀麥隆[2] | 非洲 | 22,534,532 | |
8 | 加拿大[2] | 北美洲 | 35,985,751 | 除魁北克、新布藍茲維省北部、努納武特地區外 |
9 | 多米尼克[2] | 加勒比 | 73,000 | |
10 | 斯威士蘭[2] | 非洲 | 1,141,000 | |
11 | 斐濟[2] | 大洋洲 | 828,000 | 作爲通用語,廣泛應用於教育、商業及行政 |
12 | 岡比亞[2] | 非洲 | 1,709,000 | |
13 | 迦納[2] | 非洲 | 27,000,000 | 作爲通用語 |
14 | 格瑞那達[2] | 加勒比 | 111,000 | 除少部分人使用法語通融語 |
15 | 圭亞那[6] | 南美洲 | 738,000 | |
16 | 印度[4][7] | 亞洲 | 1,247,540,000 | 但作爲官方及教育語言 |
17 | 愛爾蘭[8][9] | 歐洲 | 4,900,000 | 與愛爾蘭語同行 |
18 | 牙買加[10] | 加勒比 | 2,714,000 | |
19 | 肯尼亞[2] | 非洲 | 45,010,056 | 商業及教育上 |
20 | 基里巴斯[2] | 大洋洲 | 95,000 | |
21 | 賴索托[2] | 非洲 | 2,008,000 | |
22 | 利比里亞[2] | 非洲 | 3,750,000 | |
23 | 馬拉維[11] | 非洲 | 16,407,000 | |
24 | 馬爾他[2] | 歐洲 | 430,000 | 但作爲官方語言,並應用於商業及教育上 |
25 | 馬紹爾群島[2] | 大洋洲 | 59,000 | |
26 | 模里西斯[2] | 非洲 /印度洋 | 1,262,000 | |
27 | 密克羅尼西亞聯邦[2] | 大洋洲 | 110,000 | |
28 | 納米比亞[2] | 非洲 | 2,074,000 | 作爲通用語 |
29 | 瑙魯[12] | 大洋洲 | 10,000 | 但廣泛流行 |
30 | 奈及利亞[2][13] | 非洲 | 182,202,000 | 作爲通用語 |
31 | 巴基斯坦[2] | 亞洲 | 212,742,631 | 但作爲官方及教育語言 |
32 | 帛琉[4] | 大洋洲 | 20,000 | |
33 | 巴布亞新幾內亞[14][15] | 大洋洲 | 7,059,653 | |
34 | 菲律賓[2][16] | 亞洲 | 102,885,100 | 官方及教育語言 |
35 | 盧旺達[2] | 非洲 | 11,262,564 | 但作爲官方及教育語言 |
36 | 聖基茨和尼維斯[17] | 加勒比 | 50,000 | |
37 | 聖盧西亞[2] | 加勒比 | 165,000 | |
38 | 聖文森特和格林納丁斯[18] | 加勒比 | 120,000 | |
39 | 薩摩亞[19] | 大洋洲 | 188,000 | |
40 | 塞舌爾[2] | 非洲/印度洋 | 87,000 | |
41 | 塞拉利昂[2] | 非洲 | 6,190,280 | |
42 | 新加坡[20] | 亞洲 | 5,469,700[21] | 作爲通用語 |
43 | 所羅門群島[2] | 大洋洲 | 507,000 | |
44 | 南非[22] | 非洲 | 54,956,900 | 官方及教育語言 |
45 | 南蘇丹[23] | 非洲 | 12,340,000 | |
46 | 蘇丹[2] | 非洲 | 40,235,000 | |
47 | 坦桑尼亞[2] | 非洲 | 51,820,000 | |
48 | 東加[24] | 大洋洲 | 100,000 | |
49 | 千里達及托巴哥[2] | 加勒比 | 1,333,000 | |
50 | 圖瓦盧[4] | 大洋洲 | 11,000 | |
51 | 烏干達[2] | 非洲 | 37,873,253 | 但作爲官方及教育語言 |
52 | 瓦努阿圖[25] | 大洋洲 | 226,000 | |
53 | 尚比亞[2] | 非洲 | 16,212,000 | |
54 | 辛巴威[2] | 非洲 | 13,061,239 | 但作爲通用語 |
英語爲事實上官方語言,但並非主要語言 | |||
---|---|---|---|
國家 | 地區 | 人口 | |
1 | 巴林[26][27] | 中東 | 1,378,000 |
2 | 孟加拉[28] | 亞洲 | 150,039,000 |
3 | 文萊[29] | 亞洲 | 415,717 |
4 | 柬埔寨[30] | 亞洲 | 15,288,489 |
5 | 賽普勒斯[31] | 中東 | 1,141,166 |
6 | 厄立特里亞[32] | 非洲 | 6,234,000 |
7 | 衣索比亞[32] | 非洲 | 85,000,000 |
8 | 以色列[33][34][35] | 中東 | 8,051,200 |
9 | 約旦[36] | 中東 | 9,882,401 |
10 | 科威特[37] | 中東 | 4,348,395 |
11 | 馬來西亞[38] | 亞洲 | 30,018,242 |
12 | 馬爾地夫[39] | 亞洲 | 427,756 |
13 | 緬甸[40] | 亞洲 | 51,486,253 |
14 | 阿曼[41] | 中東 | 4,424,762 |
15 | 卡達[42] | 中東 | 2,675,522 |
16 | 斯里蘭卡[43][44] | 中東 | 20,277,597 |
17 | 阿聯酋[45] | 中東 | 5,779,760 |
非主權國家、屬地或特別行政區
編輯英語爲法律上官方語言 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
屬地 | 主權國家 | 地區 | 人口 | 是否爲主要語言 |
亞克羅提利與德凱利亞 | 英國 | 歐洲 | 15,700 | |
美屬薩摩亞[註 1] | 美國 | 大洋洲 | 67,700 | 與薩摩亞語同行 |
安圭拉[46] | 英國 | 加勒比 | 13,101 | |
百慕大[46][註 2] | 英國 | 北美洲 | 65,000 | |
英屬維爾京群島[46] | 英國 | 加勒比 | 23,000 | |
開曼群島[47] | 英國 | 加勒比 | 47,000 | |
庫克群島[46] | 新西蘭 | 大洋洲 | 20,000 | |
古拉索[48] | 荷蘭王國 | 加勒比 | 150,563 | |
福克蘭群島 | 英國 | 南大西洋 | 3,000 | |
直布羅陀[46] | 英國 | 歐洲 | 33,000 | |
關島[註 3] | 美國 | 大洋洲 | 173,000 | |
香港[46][註 4] | 中華人民共和國 | 亞洲 | 7,355,800 | 但與中文共同爲官方語文[註 5] |
馬恩島[註 6] | 英國 | 歐洲 | 80,058 | |
澤西[46][註 7] | 英國 | 歐洲 | 89,300 | |
紐埃[46][註 8] | 新西蘭 | 大洋洲 | 1,600 | |
諾福克島[46] | 澳大利亞 | 澳大利亞 | 1,828 | |
北馬利安納群島[註 9] | 美國 | 大洋洲 | 53,883 | |
皮特凱恩群島[46][註 10] | 英國 | 大洋洲 | 50 | |
波多黎各[註 11] | 美國 | 加勒比 | 3,991,000 | 與西班牙語同行,及以西班牙語爲主要語言 |
羅圖馬 | 斐濟 | 大洋洲 | ||
荷屬聖馬丁[49] | 荷蘭王國 | 加勒比 | 40,900 | |
特克斯與凱科斯群島[46] | 英國 | 加勒比 | 26,000 | |
美屬維爾京群島[註 12] | 美國 | 加勒比 | 111,000 | |
英語爲事實上官方語言 | |||
---|---|---|---|
屬地 | 主權國家 | 地區 | 人口 |
英屬印度洋領地 | 英國 | 印度洋 | 3,000 |
根西[註 1] | 歐洲 | 61,811 | |
蒙特塞拉特[50] | 加勒比 | 5,900 | |
聖赫勒拿、阿森松和特里斯坦-達庫尼亞[51] | 南極 | 5,660 | |
英語爲事實上官方語言,但並非主要語言 | |||
---|---|---|---|
屬地 | 主權國家 | 地區 | 人口 |
聖誕島[52][註 1] | 澳大利亞 | 澳大利亞 | 1,508 |
科科斯(基林)群島[52][註 1] | 澳大利亞 | 澳大利亞 | 596 |
托克勞[53] | 新西蘭 | 大洋洲 | 1,400 |
行政區
編輯英語爲當地法定官方語言,但並非所屬國的法定官方語言 | |||
---|---|---|---|
行政區 | 所屬國家 | 地區 | 人口 |
亞拉巴馬州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 4,833,722 |
阿拉斯加州[55] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 735,132 |
亞利桑那州[56] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 6,626,624 |
阿肯色州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 2,959,373 |
加利福尼亞州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 38,332,521 |
科羅拉多州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 5,268,367 |
佛羅里達州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 21,299,325 |
喬治亞州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 10,519,475 |
夏威夷州[54] | 美國 | 大洋洲 | 1,404,054 |
愛達荷州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 1,612,136 |
伊利諾伊州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 12,882,135 |
印第安納州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 6,570,902 |
艾奧瓦州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 3,090,416 |
堪薩斯州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 2,893,957 |
肯塔基州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 4,395,295 |
馬薩諸塞州[57] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 6,794,422 |
密西西比州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 2,991,207 |
密蘇里州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 6,083,672 |
蒙大拿州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 1,015,165 |
內布拉斯加州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 1,868,516 |
新罕布什爾州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 1,323,459 |
北卡羅來納州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 9,848,060 |
北達科他州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 723,393 |
北愛爾蘭[58] | 英國 | 歐洲 | 1,876,695 |
奧克拉荷馬州[59] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 3,850,568 |
薩巴[60] | 荷蘭 | 加勒比 | 1,991 |
聖安德列斯-普羅維登西亞省[61] | 哥倫比亞 | 南美洲 | 75,167 |
砂拉越[62][63][64] | 馬來西亞 | 亞洲 | 2,471,140 |
蘇格蘭[65] | 英國 | 歐洲 | 5,424,800 |
聖佑達修斯[60] | 荷蘭 | 加勒比 | 3,897 |
南卡羅來納州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 4,774,839 |
南達科他州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 844,877 |
田納西州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 6,495,978 |
猶他州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 2,900,872 |
維吉尼亞州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 8,260,405 |
威爾斯[66] | 英國 | 歐洲 | 3,125,000 |
西弗吉尼亞州[67] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 1,844,128 |
懷俄明州[54] | 美國 | 北美洲 | 582,658 |
使用英語國家和地區的旗幟列表
編輯相關條目
編輯參考資料
編輯- ^ New Zealand Government. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Fifth Periodic Report of the Government of New Zealand (PDF) (報告): 89. 21 December 2007 [21 April 2015]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於24 January 2015).
In addition to the Māori language, New Zealand Sign Language is also an official language of New Zealand. The New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006 permits the use of NZSL in legal proceedings, facilitates competency standards for its interpretation and guides government departments in its promotion and use. English, the medium for teaching and learning in most schools, is a de facto official language by virtue of its widespread use. For these reasons, these three languages have special mention in the New Zealand Curriculum.
- ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 Official language; Field Listing - Languages. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2009-01-11]. (原始內容存檔於2014-03-07).
- ^ Society. Government Information Service (Barbados). [2009-01-18]. (原始內容存檔於2009-02-13).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 English usage; Field Listing - Languages. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2009-01-11]. (原始內容存檔於2014-03-07).
- ^ English is now official language of Burundi. IWACU English News. 2014-07-17 [2016-12-17]. (原始內容存檔於2018-02-14).
- ^ National Profile. Government Information Agency (Guyana). [2009-01-18]. (原始內容存檔於2008-08-20).
- ^ N. Krishnaswamy; Lalitha Krishnaswamy. 3.14 English Becomes a Second Language. The story of English in India. Foundation Books. 2006-01-06 [2020-09-21]. ISBN 978-81-7596-312-2. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-12).
- ^ The Constitution (PDF). [2020-09-21]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-01-28).
- ^ Archived copy (PDF). [2013-01-02]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-01-06).
- ^ The Constitution of Jamaica (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (section 20(6e) ? implicit)
- ^ Malawi Investment Promotion Agency. Opportunities for investment and Trade in Malawi ? the Warm Heart of Africa. Government of Malawi. August 2005 [2009-01-18]. (原始內容存檔於2009-02-25).
- ^ Nauru. New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2008-12-03 [2009-01-18]. (原始內容存檔於2008-12-25). English and Nauruan are official.
- ^ Country profile: Nigeria. BBC News. 2008-04-30 [2008-11-10]. (原始內容存檔於2018-12-26).
- ^ General Information on Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea Tourism Promotion Authority. [2009-01-18]. (原始內容存檔於2009-01-31).
- ^ Country profile: Papua New Guinea. BBC News. 2008-11-28 [2020-09-21]. (原始內容存檔於2002-12-15).
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, Article XIV. Chanrobles Law Library. 1987 [2007-10-27]. (原始內容存檔於2007-11-10). (See Article XIV, Section 7)
- ^ Primary Schools. Government of St Christopher (St Kitts) and Nevis. [2009-01-18]. (原始內容存檔於2009-01-03).
- ^ St. Vincent and the Grenadines Profile. Agency for Public Information (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines). [2011-06-18]. (原始內容存檔於2010-11-12).
- ^ Legislations: List of Acts and Ordinances. The Parliament of Samoa. [2009-01-18]. (原始內容存檔於2006-10-01). Languages for official legislation are Samoan and English.
- ^ Wong, Aline. Education in a Multicultural Setting - The Singapore Experience. Ministry of Education, Government of Singapore. 2000-11-24 [2009-01-18]. (原始內容存檔於2008-05-04).
There are four official languages: English, Chinese, Malay and Tamil.
- ^ Statistics Singapore - Latest Data - Population (Mid-Year Estimates). Statistics Singapore. June 2014 [2014-11-03]. (原始內容存檔於2014-11-05).
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Constitutional Court of South Africa. [2009-01-11]. (原始內容存檔於2009-01-16).
- ^ The Constitution of Southern Sudan. Southern Sudan Civil Society Initiative. [2011-07-09]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-20).
- ^ Kingdom of Tonga. The United Nations / Universal Periodic Review by the United Nations Human Rights Council. March 2008 [2009-01-18]. (原始內容存檔於2009-01-25). English and Tongan are listed as official.
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of Vanuatu. Government of the Republic of Vanuatu. 1980 [2009-01-18]. (原始內容存檔於2009-01-24).
- ^ Bahrain: Languages. Britannica Online. [2017-06-07]. (原始內容存檔於2015-05-01).
- ^ Living in Bahrain. BSB. [2017-06-07]. (原始內容存檔於2012-06-24).
- ^ "[T]eaching of English continued in primary, secondary and tertiary level not because it was the official language but it became the language of trade and commerce. Over the years, the prominence of English continued to rise. ... English language is dominantly present in every side of our national life while on the other hand in our constitution it is clearly declared that the language of the country is Bengali. In fact, nothing is said about the status of English language in our constitution. On one hand, economic activities in the private companies are carried out in English while there is a government law (Bengali procholon ain1987) that government offices must use Bengali in their official works. So from the government point of view Bengali is the national-official language of Bangladesh and English is the most important foreign language. But in reality English is the second language of the country and in many places English is more important than Bengali in Bangladesh." https://www.scribd.com/doc/53272796/Sucess-of-English-language-in-Bangladesh-rec (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- ^ English is a "Statutory national working language." Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2013. "Brunei." Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online edition: https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BN (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Accessed 30 March 2014.
- ^ English Language and its Education in Cambodia, a Country in Transition, Koji Igawa (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). (PDF) . Retrieved on 6 February 2020.
- ^ Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (編). Greece and Cyprus. Sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society / Soziolinguistik: ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft von Sprache und Gesellschaft. Handbooks of linguistics and communication science / Handbucher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 3 2nd. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 2006: 1881?1889 [2020-09-21]. ISBN 9783110184181. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-27).
- ^ 32.0 32.1 Official language; Field Listing - Languages. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2009-01-11]. (原始內容存檔於2014-03-07).
- ^ Spolsky, Bernard. Round Table on Language and Linguistics. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. 1999: 169–70. ISBN 0-87840-132-6. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-20).
In 1948, the newly independent state of Israel took over the old British regulations that had set English, Arabic, and Hebrew as official languages for Mandatory Palestine but, as mentioned, dropped English from the list. In spite of this, official language use has maintained a de facto role for English, after Hebrew but before Arabic.
- ^ Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot, Hava. Part I: Language and Discourse. Diskin Ravid, Dorit; Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot, Hava (編). Perspectives on Language and Development: Essays in Honor of Ruth A. Berman. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2004: 90 [2020-09-21]. ISBN 1-4020-7911-7. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-20).
English is not considered official but it plays a dominant role in the educational and public life of Israeli society. [...] It is the language most widely used in commerce, business, formal papers, academia, and public interactions, public signs, road directions, names of buildings, etc. English behaves 'as if' it were the second and official language in Israel.
- ^ Shohamy, Elana. Language Policy: Hidden Agendas and New Approaches. Routledge. 2006: 72?73 [2020-09-21]. ISBN 0-415-32864-0. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-20).
In terms of English, there is no connection between the declared policies and statements and de facto practices. While English is not declared anywhere as an official language, the reality is that it has a very high and unique status in Israel. It is the main language of the academy, commerce, business, and the public space.
- ^ " English, though without official status, is widely spoken throughout the country and is the de facto language of commerce and banking, as well as a co-official status in the education sector; almost all university-level classes are held in English and almost all public schools teach English along with Standard Arabic." de Gruyter, Walter. Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Ulrich Ammon. 2006: 1921 [2017-06-07]. ISBN 9783110184181. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-20).
- ^ " English is widely spoken. It is used in business and is a compulsory second language in schools." Kuwait Guide. Commisceo Global. [2017-06-07]. (原始內容存檔於2017-11-03).
- ^ "English remains an active second language, and serves as the medium of instruction for maths and sciences in all public schools. Malaysian English, also known as Malaysian Standard English, is a form of English derived from British English. Malaysian English is widely used in business, along with Manglish, which is a colloquial form of English with heavy Malay, Chinese, and Tamil influences. The government discourages the misuse of Malay and has instituted fines for public signs that mix Malay and English." About Malaysia:Language. My Government: The Government of Malaysia's Official Portal. [2014-03-30]. (原始內容存檔於2013-11-09).
- ^ "Other languages spoken in Maldives include English, which is also recognized as the second main language. Initially, Dhivehi was used as the medium of teaching in schools, but the need to promote higher education led to the conversion of syllabus in English. Now, English is widely spoken by the locals of Maldives." Maldives Languages. [2017-02-02]. (原始內容存檔於2018-11-11).
- ^ Lintner, Bertil (2003), "Myanmar/Burma", in MacKerras, Colin, Ethnicity in Asia, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-25816-2
- ^ Kharusi, N. S.; Salman, A. The English Transliteration of Place Names in Oman. September 2011.
- ^ Baker, Colin; Jones, Sylvia Prys. Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education. Multilingual Matters. 1998: 429 [2020-09-21]. ISBN 978-1853593628. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-20).
- ^ English is a "De facto national working language, used in government." Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2013. "Sri Lanka." Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online edition: https://www.ethnologue.com/country/LK (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Accessed 30 March 2014.
- ^ Under the constitution of 1978, Sinhala and Tamil are the official languages of Sri Lanka, but English is "the link language." Any person is entitled "to receive communications from, and to communicate and transact business with, any official in his official capacity" in English, to receive an English translation of "any official register, record, publication or other document," and "to communicate and transact business in English." English translations must be made for "all laws and subordinate legislation," "all Orders, Proclamations, rules, by-laws, regulations and notifications." THE CONSTITUTION OF THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA: Chapter IV. 1978 [2014-03-30]. (原始內容存檔於2003-02-03).
- ^ Hanani, Fatiha. Impact of English on Young Arabs' Use of Arabic in the UAE (Master of Arts論文). American University of Sharjah. December 2009 [2020-09-21]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-20).
- ^ 46.00 46.01 46.02 46.03 46.04 46.05 46.06 46.07 46.08 46.09 46.10 Official language; Field Listing - Languages. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2009-01-11]. (原始內容存檔於2014-03-07).
- ^ English usage; Field Listing - Languages. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2009-01-11]. (原始內容存檔於2014-03-07).
- ^ LANDSVERORDENING van de 28ste maart 2007 houdende vaststelling van de officiele talen (Landsverordening officiele talen). Government of the Netherlands. [2013-08-21] (荷蘭語).[永久失效連結]
- ^ According to Art. 1 para 2. Constitution of Sint Maarten 網際網路檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2014-03-10.: "The official languages are Dutch and English"
- ^ Official language; Field Listing - Languages. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2009-01-11]. (原始內容存檔於2014-03-07).
- ^ English usage; Field Listing - Languages. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2009-01-11]. (原始內容存檔於2014-03-07).
- ^ 52.0 52.1 Official language; Field Listing - Languages. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2009-01-11]. (原始內容存檔於2014-03-07).
- ^ Associated Countries and External Territories: Tokelau. Commonwealth Secretariat. [2014-03-20]. (原始內容存檔於2014-03-24).
- ^ 54.00 54.01 54.02 54.03 54.04 54.05 54.06 54.07 54.08 54.09 54.10 54.11 54.12 54.13 54.14 54.15 54.16 54.17 54.18 54.19 54.20 54.21 54.22 54.23 54.24 54.25 Crawford, James. Language Legislation in the U.S.A.. languagepolicy.net. 2008-06-24 [2011-04-27]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-16).
- ^ Alaska Supreme Court Upholds State's Official English Law. Business Wire. 2007-11-05 [2011-04-28]. (原始內容存檔於2012-01-18).
- ^ Arizona makes English official. Washington Times. 2006-11-08 [2011-04-28]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-11).
- ^ Archived copy. [2016-03-18]. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-20).
- ^ De jure language of legal proceedings; for other official purposes, de facto.
- ^ Slipke, Darla. Oklahoma elections: Republican-backed measures win approval. NewsOK. The Oklahoman. 2010-11-03 [2011-04-28]. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-03).
- ^ 60.0 60.1 English can be used in relations with the government Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba. wetten.nl. [2012-10-14]. (原始內容存檔於2015-01-17) (荷蘭語).
- ^ Consulta de la Norma. alcaldiabogota.gov.co. [2020-09-21]. (原始內容存檔於2017-10-10).
- ^ Sarawak makes English official language along with BM. themalaymailonline.com. [2020-09-21]. (原始內容存檔於2018-04-02).
- ^ Sarawak to recognise English as official language besides Bahasa Malaysia. BorneoPost Online - Borneo, Malaysia, Sarawak Daily News. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-05).
- ^ Sarawak adopts English as official language. thesundaily.my. [2020-09-21]. (原始內容存檔於2018-10-20).
- ^ Scottish Government. Scottish Facts and Information. Scotland.org. [2014-03-19]. (原始內容存檔於2017-11-04).
- ^ National Assembly for Wales. National Assembly for Wales (Official Languages) Act 2012. Legislation.gov.uk. 2012 [2014-03-19]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-20).
- ^ West Virginia is the 32nd State to pass Official English. Pro English. 2016-03-05 [2017-03-28]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-20).