閉央不圓唇元音
此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 |
閉央不圓唇元音是母音的一種,使用於許多口語語言之中,其國際音標的符號為 ⟨ɨ⟩,另一种符号为 ⟨ï⟩,相對應的X-SAMPA符號則為 ⟨1⟩。
閉央不圓唇元音 | |||
---|---|---|---|
ɨ | |||
ï | |||
ɯ̈ | |||
IPA編號 | 317 | ||
編碼 | |||
HTML碼(十進制) | ɨ | ||
Unicode碼(十六進制) | U+0268 | ||
X-SAMPA音標 | 1 | ||
ASCII音標 | i" | ||
IPA盲文 | |||
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音頻範例 | |||
國際音標:元音 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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表內成對的元音分別為不圓唇/圓唇。 |
特徵
编辑- 其圓唇度為不圓唇元音,嘴唇自然放鬆,不特別向前突起。
各語言比較表
编辑/ɨ/在印欧语系语言中不是个普遍的音素,主要作为同位异音出现在部分斯拉夫语支语言,如俄语。但它在美洲孤立语言中是非常普遍的音素,且常和/i/、/u/等其它闭元音对立。这在现存语言和其祖语原始犹他-阿兹特克语中都发生。尽管/ɨ/不普遍存在于这一地区,有些學者认为此音素是中美洲语言联盟的区域特征之一。[1]
漢語中的舌尖元音/ɿ/亦有人標示為此音,如:/sɨ͡/。
语言 | 词汇 | 国际音标 | 意义 | 注释 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
亚齐语 | tupeue | [tupɨə] | 知 | ||
阿姆哈拉语[2] | ሥር | [sɨ̞r] | 根 | 次闭元音。[2] | |
昂纳米语 | Khonoma[3] | prü | [pɻɨ˨] | 雹石 | 元音高度介于闭元音[ɨ]和央元音[ə]间。[3]一般记作⟨ə⟩. |
Arhuaco | ikʉ | [ɪk'ɨ] | Arhuaco语 | ||
柏柏尔语 | 中阿特拉斯塔马塞特语[4] | khdim (ⵅⴷⵉⵎ) | [χdɨ̞m] | 工作 | 在辅音丛间,唇音和舌冠音前的插音。 |
汉语 | 潮汕话 | tū (豬) | [tɨ˦] | 猪 | |
英语 | 南部美国英语[5] | good | [ɡɨ̞d] | 好 | 和其他方言[ʊ]对应。参见英语音系 |
南英格兰英语[6] | [ɡɪ̈d] | 可能是圆唇的[ʊ̈];[6]和其他方言[ʊ]对应。参见英语音系 | |||
伦敦英语[7][8] | lip | [lɪ̈ʔp] | 唇 | /ɪ/的可能实现。[7][8] | |
南非英语[9] | [lɨ̞p] | 对于部分使用者,和[ə]是自由变体。SAE的白读、文读有同位异音化的变体,[ɪ] (白读是[i])出现在软腭音和硬颚音旁,[ɨ̞~ə] elsewhere。参见南非英语音系 | |||
南部美国英语[10] | [lɪ̈p] | /ɪ/在唇辅音前的同位异音,有时也出现在其他环境里。[10] | |||
东南英格兰英语[11] | rude | [ɹɨːd] | 粗野 | 可能是圆唇的[ʉː]或双元音[ʊʉ̯~əʉ̯]。 | |
瓜拉尼语[12] | yvy | [ɨʋɨ] | 土地 | ||
豪萨语[13] | cin abinci | [t̠ʃin abɨnt̠ʃi] | 吃 | /i/的同位异音。[13] | |
爱尔兰语 | 芒斯特爱尔兰语[14] | caora | [kɨːɾˠə] | 羊 | /i/在开辅音间的同位异音。[14]参见爱尔兰语音系 |
乌尔斯特爱尔兰语[15] | [比如?] | /ɪ/的同位异音。次闭元音。[15] | |||
Kalagan[16] | [pɨˈnɨt̪] | 胡须 | |||
克什米尔语[17] | ćū'nan (ژٕنَن) | [t͡sɨnan] | 桃子 | ||
Kera[18] | [ɡɨ̀ɡɨ̀r] | 膝盖 | |||
库尔德语[19][20] | 南库尔德语 | kirmaşan (کرماشان) | [cʰɨɾmäːʃäːn] | 科曼莎 | 等同于北库尔德语和中库尔德语的[ɪ]。参见库尔德语音系 |
拉特加莱语[21] | dyžan | [ˈd̪ɨʒän̪] | 太多 | 参见拉特加莱语音系 | |
Mah Meri[22] | [d͡ʑäbɨ̞ʔ͡k̚] | 喝醉 | |||
马普切语[23] | müṉa | [mɘ̝ˈn̪ɐ̝] | 父亲这边的堂兄 | /ɘ/的非重读变体。[23] | |
蒙古语[24] | khüchir (хүчир) | [xutʃʰɨɾɘ̆] | 困难 | ||
Mono[25] | dɨ | [dɨ] | 计数 | ||
Paicî[26] | [比如?] | 可以记作⟨ɯ⟩。 | |||
罗马尼亚语[27] | înot | [ɨˈn̪o̞t̪] | 我游泳 | 参见罗马尼亚语音系 | |
俄语[28] | ты/ty | ⓘ | 你(单数/不规范) | 只出现在非硬颚辅音后。非重读时是次闭元音。[28]参见俄语音系 | |
Sahaptin[29] | kʼsit | [kʼsɨt] | 冷 | 插音。没有等效的长音 | |
Sema[30] | sü | [ʃɨ̀] | 损害 | 从闭元音[ɨ][30]到次闭元音[ɨ̞]。[31] | |
Shipibo[32] | tenaitianronki | [ˈt̪ɨnɐi̞ti̞ɐ̃ɽõ̞ɣi̞] | [translation needed] | /ɯ/在舌冠音后可能的实现。[32] | |
Sirionó[33] | [eˈsɨ] | 'dry wood' | |||
瑞典语 | 布胡斯[34] | bli | [blɨᶻː] | 成为 | 对应中央标准瑞典语[iː]的擦化元音。[34]参见瑞典語音系 |
内尔彻[34] | |||||
塔吉克语 | 布哈拉[35] | ġižġiž (ғижғиж) | [ʁɨʑʁɨʑ] | 锯木声 | /i/在小舌音环境下的同位异音。[35] |
泰米尔语[36] | vāli (வால்) | [väːlɨ] | 尾巴 | 口语中在词尾流音后的插音;可以是圆唇音[ʉ]。[36]参见泰米尔语音系 | |
Tera[37] | zu | [zɨ] | 说了 | ||
vur | [vɨ̞r] | 给 | /ɨ/在闭音节的同位异音。[38] | ||
土耳其语 | 标准音[39] | sığ | [sɨː] | 浅 | 也被描写为闭后元音[ɯ][40]和次闭次后元音{{IPAblink |ɯ̽}。}[41]一般记作⟨ɯ⟩。参见土耳其語音系 |
巴尔干加告兹土耳其语[42] | [比如?] | 词尾将标准土耳其语/i/和/ɯ/合流,/y/和/u/受巴尔干语言联盟影响合并为同一音位。东布罗夫斯基[42]将其记作/i/。 | |||
乌德穆尔特语[43] | urgetė, yrgjete (ургетэ, ыргетэ[44]) | [ɨrgete] | 它咆哮 | ||
威尔士语 | 北部方言[45] | llun | [ɬɨːn] | 图 | 长音是闭元音,短音是次闭元音。[45] 南部方言和/ɪ/合流。参见威尔士语音系 |
pump | [pɨ̞mp] | 五 | |||
八重山语 | pïtu | [pɨtu] | 人 | ||
萨波特克语 | 蒂尔基亚潘[46] | nɨ | [nɨ] | 变酸 |
波兰语 ⟨y⟩常是/ɨ/,但实际上是半闭前移央展唇元音,更精确的记音是[ɘ̟]。[47]相似地,欧洲葡萄牙语的非重读⟨e⟩常被记作/ɨ/,实际上是次闭次后不圆唇元音,[48]更精确的记音使用ad hoc标,如[ɯ̽], [ɯ̟]和[ʊ̜]。
註釋
编辑- ^ Campbell, Kaufman & Smith-Stark (1986)
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Hayward & Hayward (1999),第47頁.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Blankenship et al. (1993),第129頁.
- ^ Abdel-Massih (1971:15頁)
- ^ Wells (1982),第534–535頁.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Lodge (2009:174頁)
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Altendorf & Watt (2004:188–189頁)
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Mott (2012:75頁)
- ^ Lass (2002),第113–115頁.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Wells (1982:534頁)
- ^ Lodge (2009),第174頁.
- ^ Phonological inventory of Paraguayan Guarani. South American Phonological Inventory Database. Berkeley: University of California. 2015 [2021-01-09]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-03).
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Schuh & Yalwa (1999),第90頁.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Ó Sé (2000),第?頁.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Ní Chasaide (1999:114頁)
- ^ Wendel & Wendel (1978),第198頁.
- ^ Koshur: Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course: Transcription. [16 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2020-02-18).
- ^ Pearce (2011),第251頁.
- ^ Thackston (2006a),第1頁.
- ^ Khan & Lescot (1970),第8-16頁.
- ^ Nau (2011),第9–10頁.
- ^ Kruspe & Hajek (2009),第244頁.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 Sadowsky et al. (2013:92頁)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005),第62, 66–67頁.
- ^ Olson (2004),第235頁.
- ^ Gordon & Maddieson (1996),第118頁.
- ^ Sarlin (2014),第18頁.
- ^ 28.0 28.1 Jones & Ward (1969),第33, 38頁.
- ^ Hargus & Beavert (2002).
- ^ 30.0 30.1 Teo (2014),第28頁.
- ^ Teo (2012),第368頁.
- ^ 32.0 32.1 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001),第283頁.
- ^ Firestone (1965),第?頁.
- ^ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Riad (2014),第21頁.
- ^ 35.0 35.1 Ido (2014),第91頁.
- ^ 36.0 36.1 Keane (2004),第114頁.
- ^ Tench (2007),第230頁.
- ^ Tench (2007:231頁)
- ^ Zimmer & Organ (1999:155頁)
- ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10頁)
- ^ Kılıç & Öğüt (2004)
- ^ 42.0 42.1 Dombrowski, Andrew. Vowel Harmony Loss in West Rumelian Turkish. [2021-01-09]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-13).
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005),第64, 68頁.
- ^ ургетыны [Udmurt-Russian dictionary], [2021-01-09], (原始内容存档于2016-03-05) (俄语)
- ^ 45.0 45.1 Ball (1984),第?頁.
- ^ Merrill (2008),第109頁.
- ^ Jassem (2003),第105頁.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995),第91頁.
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编辑- 《国际音标》1982 湖北人民出版社
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